Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Introduction to Fundamental Concepts in Policy Study (Public Policy…
Introduction to Fundamental Concepts in Policy Study
Public Policy Definition
Definition of policy:
courses of action adopted with purpose in context of org, govt, group, individual
a proper plan of purpose on matter of concern or problems
eg insurance policy
Definition of public policy
a relatively stable, puposive courses of action or inaction
followed by an actor or set of actors
in dealing with a problem or matter of concern
Environment Policy 2002: Department of Environment, Ministry of National Resources & Environment
Objectives:
To maintain clean and healthy environment
To maintain quality of the environment to the needs of the growing population
Characteristic
of Public Policy
1. Purposive, goal oriented action
designed to accomplish specified goals
usefully thought as a hypotheses suggest specific actions
eg. govt to utilize subsidies and production controls to increase farmer's income
2. Developed by authorities in a political system
person who engage in the daily affairs of a political system
have responsibilities and power to make policy and affect public's life
eg. Parliament MP
4. Involves what govt actually do
not merely intention or say they will do
there is an enforcement of law afterwards
evident outputs or action taken
eg. minimum wages policy
3. Emerge in response to policy demands
claims for action or inaction on some public issue made by other actors
citizens, group reps, legislator, public officials
eg. from public concern on accident from drunk drivers. Road Transport Act 1987, conviction to imprisonment and fine
5. Formulated based on law and its authority
accepted as the legitimate facts
comply with constitution, noncompliance result in jail sentence
eg. illegal drug possession under Drug, Alcohol, Illegal Substance Abuse Policy
Categories of
Public Policy
1. Constituent Policy
- Structural constituent policy
Federal Constitution of Malaysia: roles and government bodies
- Procedural constituent policy
Election Act 1958: procedures to form government
3. Distributive Policy
all income given to the public at large
medicinal and fuel subsidies
2. Regulatory Policy
to control the
behavior of the public
2. Law enforcement regulatory policy
3. Protective regulatory policy
1. Self regulatory policy
4. Redistributive Policy
deliberate action to restructure wealth
govt collect money from the people; GST
Fundamental Concepts
in Policy Study
1. Policy making and
decision making
involves making decision from choices or alternatives
process of making choices are not similar
Policy making
flow and patterns, extend over time, include many decisions
public events only. (not isolated)
many parties involve in decision making
Decision making
making choices from alternatives
directed towards specified goals
have specific criteria and process of making choices
Public problem
matters public at large is talking about
difficult, complex, cannot be resolved by individual
requires govt action
Private problem
involve some individuals only
they can resolve easily
no governmental action needed
1. Policy actors and
policy makers
Policy makers
person responsible in making policy
ie political, executives, special councils
Policy actors
involve in policy making process
ie legislator, executives, administrator, interest groups
Policy process (policy cycle)
Problem identification
agenda setting
Formulation
Adoption
Implementation
Evaluation
Terminate/ change policy