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Ch 9: Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross Pollination…
Ch 9: Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
fragmentation
Sexual Reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
gametes
sperm
eggs
haploid sex cells
diploid adults produce these
zygote
fertilized egg
sporophyte generation
phase of plant life
sporophytes
always diploid
have organs
meiosis
haploid spores
syngamy
fertilization
gametes fuse together
grows to gametophyte
gametophyte
microgametes
small sperm cells
megagametes
eggs
microgametophytes
male
microspores
megagametophytes
female
megaspores
alternation of generation
2 generations
sporophyte
gametophyte
heteromorphic generation
gametophytes do not resemble
sporophytes
Flower Structure
pedicel
flower stalk
Sepals
lowermost
outermost
of flour flower appendages
calyx
all sepals together
Petals
above the sepals
on receptacle
corolla
perianth
sepal & petals together
important for pollinators
Stamens
above the petals
known collectively, androecium
"male" part of flower
have 2 parts
filament
stalk
anther
where pollen produced
diploid cells
microsporocytes
microspore mother cells
continue to enlarge
undergo meiosis
tapetum
neighboring anther cells
pollen
Carpels
constitute the gynoecium
highest receptacle
3 main parts
stigma
catches pollen grains
style
elevates stigma
ovary
megaspores are produced
placentae
inside ovary
ovules
regions of tissue
bear small structures
megaspore mother cells
megasporocytes
Gametophytes
Microgametophyte
vegetative cell
generative cell
pollen tube
loose stigma
first microspores
Megagametophyte
embryo sac
multinucleate megagametophyte
first megaspores
with seven cells
one central cell
2 polar nuclei
3 small antipodal ells
1 egg apparatus
2 synergids
and an egg
Fertilization
plasmogamy
fusion of protoplasts of gametes
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
endosperm nucleus
triploid
3 sets of genes
double fertilization
fusion of both sperm nuclei
1 w/ egg
other w/ polar nuclei
endosperm
Fruit Development
fruit
ovary matured
exocarp
outer layer
skin or peel
mesocarp
middle layer
flesh
endocarp
innermost layer
pericarp
entire fruit wall
one, 2, or 3 layers
Embryo and Seed Development
suspensor
pushes embryo
grows two cotyledon
radicle
embryonic root
epicotyl
embryonic stem
hypcotyl
root/shoot junction
albuminous seed
mature seed
endosperm is abundant
exalbuminous
endosperm is sparse
or absent at maturity
Flower Structure and Cross Pollination
Cross-Pollination
cross pollination
self pollination
Stamen and Style Maturation Times
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
compatibility barrier
Monoecious and Dioecious
essential organs
imperfect flowers
perfect flowers
nonessential organs
dioecy
monoecy
Animal-Pollinated Flowers
coevolution
actinomorphic
zygomorphic
Wild-Pollinated Flowers
Ovary Position
inferior ovary
epigynous
superior ovary
hypogynous parts
half-inferior
perigynous
Inflorescences and Pollination
two basic arrangements
determinate inflorescences
indeterminate inflorescences
inflorescence
flowers grouped together
Fruit Types and Dispersals
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
true fruit
fruits w/ only ovarian tissue
accessory fruit
false fruit
nonovarian tissue
simple fruit
single ovary
aggregate fruit
gynoecium fuse
multiple fruit
Classification of Fruit Types
dry
no eaten by
natural seed-distributing animals
fleshy
eaten during the process
Dehiscent fruit
break open
release the seeds
indehiscent fruit
do not
