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Unit 9 (Readings (North Indian Classical Music (Ravi Shankar (1920-2012)…

- - - - melodic pattern used in music of India; prescribes pitches, patterns, ornamentation, and extramusical associations such as time of performance and emotional character
    - - performed Raga Bhimpalasi
      - introduced Indian classical music to the Western world
      - inspiring a genre of "raga-rock"
      - taught Beatle George Harrison
    - - long-necked chordophone of northern India, with movable frets and a rounded gourd body; used as a solo instrument and with tabla
    - - fixed time cycle or meter in Indian music, built from uneven groupings of beats
    - - pair of single-headed, tuned drums used in north Indian classical music
    - - sustained sounding of one or several pitches for harmonic support, a common feature of some folk musics
    - - Raga Bhimpalasi
        
        improvised melodic elaborations by the sitar on a series of pitches
        
        raga in its ascending and descending form
        
        complex rhythmic accompaniment on the tabla
        
        2 + 4 + 4 + 4
        
        Alap: introductory section
        
        slow and unmetered
        
        played by sitar alone
        
        pitches of the raga are established in this improvisatory section
        
        Gat: second section
        
        begins with the entrance of the tabla
        
        sets up rhythmic cycle
        
        Jhala: third section
        
        the tempo speeds up
        
        interplay between instruments becomes more complex
  - - - were replaced by eight approved "model plays" that fostered the ideals of communism
        
        The Story of the Red Lantern
    - - The Story of the Red Lantern
        
        instrumental introduction
        
        voice sings melismatically
        
        wavering between pitches
        
        wide vocal vibrato
        
        instruments drop out occasionally
        
        weaving heterophonic lines around the melody
        
        vocal range and pace of song pick up several times, reaching a loud climax near end
        
        singing lines in the erhu
        
        hammering, repeated nots in the yang qin
        
        percussive plucking on the pipa
        
        the penetrating vocal timbre
    - - yang qin
        
        a kind of hammered dulcimer
      - pipa
        
        a plucked lute
  - - - The Mikado (1885)
        
        satirizes British society but is set in Japan
    - - A genre of Japanese musical theater with elaborate costumes and makeup
    - - banjo-like lute with three twisted silk strings
    - - Echigo Jishi
        
        basic five-note scale, with gaps
        
        tune is played with a pulse
        
        varied plucking and strumming techniques on the shamisen
        
        the drum punctuates the dance and the changing tempos
        
        there is no real supporting harmony
        
        the sections alternate between shamisen solo and shamisen with drums
        
        tune
        
        undergoes variations in different ranges and tempos
        
        alternates with rapid, repeated notes on shamisen and irregular drumbeats
        
        regular drumbeat and closing vocal interjections
  - - - Santa Barbra based composer / ethnomusicologist
      - brought Indonesian instruments back in 1920s
      - adopted elements of Balinese music in his work
    - - experimental composer
      - taught a class on "Music of the World's Peoples"
      - wrote a number of works for Javanese style instruments
    - - devotee of Cowell and Harrison
      - undertook a study of asian cultures
      - prepared a piano technique based on gamelan music texture and timber
    - - wrote a number of works for Javanese styled instruments
    - - orchestra of metallic percussion found on the Indonesian islands of Java, Bali, and Sunda
      - comprised of melodic-percussive instruments, each with its own function
      - music performed by memory
      - heard in ritual ceremonies
    - - shadow puppet theater
    - - Wayang
        
        pentatonic (five note) melodic structures
        
        rhythmic cycles that develop in complex polyrhythms
        
        sectional alterations between loud and soft instruments
        
        introduction
        
        slow, high-sounding metallophone outlining the melodic pattern
        
        voice elaborates main melody
        
        punctuated by gongs
        
        second section
        
        drum cues transition
        
        loud-style section
        
        features first four notes of melody with gong on main notes
        
        last section
        
        soft-style section
        
        quieter instruments and voice
        
        dramatic accents and leaps
        
        dynamic level grows with loud instruments
        
        recording fades out
  - - - musicians and nonmusicians first experienced music and dance from cultures across the globe
    - - viewed as “primitive” for its lack of melodic and harmonic content
    - - influenced early twentieth-century artists and musicians toward non-Western ideals of abstraction
    - - saw notated music from Ghana
        
        composed of repeating patterns that were superimposed on eachother
      - wrote Drumming
        
        large scale percussion ensemble
        
        bongos, marimba, glockenspiel as well as voice
        
        short, repeated melodic patterns
    - - entenga
        
        royal drum ensemble of six musicians playing fifteen drums
        
        two accompany on three unpitched drums
        
        four play on twelve melody drums, graduated in size and tuned to pitches of a pentatonic scale
        
        melody drums aka drum chimes
        
        conical in shape with cowhide skin laced tightly over
    - - Ensiriba ya munange Katego
        
        pentatonic, gapped melodies in interlocking patterns
        
        developing complex polyrhythmic structures
        
        interlocking rhythmic patterns
        
        players strike sides of drums to develop rhythmic pattern, makes clicking sound
        
        drum chime players move one at a time, introducing melodic ideas
        
        lower pitched drum player adds depth of sound
        
        texture thins when lower pitched drops out, one melodic pattern is heard above others
        
        one drummer clicks the side of the drum as the tempo slows to the end
        
        tells a story of subchief named Kangawo who loses his precious headband
- - - - single-movement concert piece for orchestra
      - introduction to an opera
        
        became a single movement concert piece
    - - music written to accompany dramatic works
      - ex. A Midsummer Night's Dream
    - - one-movement orchestral form that develops a poetic idea, suggests a scene, or creates a mood
      - also called tone poem
      - became the most common type of orchestral program music through the second half of the century
    - - Norwegian folklore inspired his works
      - wrote Peer Gynt to accompany a play by Henrik Ibsen
  - - - Melody
        
        dreamy melody in an inverted arch shape, with decorative grace notes
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        lilting 6/8 meter
      - Harmony
        
        E major
        
        many harmonic inflections
        
        static chords
      - Texture
        
        homophonic
      - Form
        
        three part
        
        A-B-A'
      - Expression
        
        grows to a loud climax
        
        swells in dynamics, the dies away
      - Performing Forces
        
        pastoral instruments are prominent
        
        flute, oboe, horn
      - Morning Mood ...
      - In the Hall of the Mountain King ...
      - Melody
        
        ghostly melody in two phrases
        
        rising accented line
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        duple-meter march
        
        short, staccato notes and offbeat accents
      - Harmony
        
        B minor
      - Texture
        
        homophonic
      - Form
        
        a single theme repeated over and over
        
        closing coda
      - Expression
        
        huge crescendo and accelerando to a dramatic ending
      - Performing Forces
        
        pizzicato strings and staccato woodwind effects
        
        offbeats in brass and percussion
      - incidental music to a play by Henrik Ibsen
- - - - drew on music of his New England childhood
        
        hymns, songs, marches
        
        set using polytonality and polyrhythms
      - born in Connecticut, son of a U.S. Army bandleader
    - - simultaneous use of two or more keys
    - - simultaneous use of several rhythmic patters or meters
    - - used early American song Simple Gifts in his famous ballet Appalachian Spring
        
        commissioned by Martha Graham
      - composer from Brooklyn, NY
      - his ballets Billy the Kid and Rodeo are quintessentially American in their portrayal of the far west
  - - - Section 7
        
        Melody
        
        theme with four phrases
        
        a-a'-b-a''
        
        later variations use only parts of the tune
        
        Rhythm / Meter
        
        flowing duple meter then tune in augmentation (slower)
        
        Harmony
        
        moves between various keys
        
        Form
        
        theme and five variations
        
        a traditional shaker song
        
        Timber
        
        each variation changes tone colors
        
        Expression
        
        calm and flowing
        
        majestic closing
      - Section 1
        
        Melody
        
        rising motive quietly unfolds
        
        outlining a triad
        
        Rhythm / Meter
        
        ver slow, tranquil
        
        changing meter is imperceptible
        
        Harmony
        
        polychordal
        
        overlapping of chords produces a gentle dissonance
        
        Texture
        
        individual instruments are featured
        
        Expression
        
        introduces the characters
        
        evokes a broad landscape at daybreak
      - ballet suite in seven sections
- - - - cultural movement in the 1920s and 30s
      - highlighted African American contributions to the country's cultural heritage
      - the book, The New Negro sparked the Harlem Renaissance
      - a literary, artistic, and sociological movement
    - - African American composer from Arkansas
      - broke racial barriers in the art-music tradition
      - suite for piano and violin looks to three black visual artists for inspiration
      - first symphony was the Afro-American
    - - Still: Suite for Violin and Piano, III (1943)
        
        Suite for violin and piano
        
        Melody
        
        bluesy, short, syncopated ideas
        
        flatted third and seventh scale tones
        
        ideas exchanged between violin and piano
        
        Rhythm / Meter
        
        quick 2/4 meter
        
        rhythmic and highly syncopated
        
        chords played on offbeats
        
        Harmony
        
        modal, with blues chords
        
        stride bass
        
        use of ostinatos
        
        Texture
        
        mostly homophonic
        
        Form
        
        sectional form
        
        four and eight measure ideas
        
        opening returns frequently
        
        Timbre
        
        violin trills
        
        glissandos
        
        double stops
        
        Expression
        
        playful and humerous
        
        evokes image of cocky street kid depicted by sculpture