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Geology (Remarks (Regional Geology (New Zealand (North Island (Features,…

- - - - Era: Paleo/Meso/Ceno-Zoic
        
        Period*:Cambrian......
        
        Epoch:: Paleogene: Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene// Neogene: Miocene, Pliocene// Quaternary: Pleistocene, Holocene
  - - - Oldest Rock: 417 Ma Devonian Bluff Head Formation , deposited at fluvial/ Delta enviro.
    - - North Island
        
        Features
        
        Subduction Zone:
        
        North Island Subduction Zone: Hikurangi Trench // Kermadic Trench
        
        Volcanic Arc:
        
        2 Ma Kermadic Ridge Fore Arc: (Taupo Volcanic Zone// White island)
        
        15-4 Ma Colville Ridge Back Arc
        
        25-15 Ma Lack Behind Arc: AV+F// Mt. Taranaki
        
        Back Arc Basin: Tasman Sea
        
        Hikurangi Plateau: linked to Chatham Is., with Hikurangi Channel running sedi. from N/S Island
        
        Cause: Pacific Plate moves anti-clock wisely against Australian Plate, subducts under North Island (40-60mm per annum)
      - South Island
        
        Cause: Australian Plate moves against Pacific Plate, subducts under South of South Island (24mm per annum)
        
        Solander Is.
      - Alpine Fault: Dextral Strike-Slip Fault (37mm per annum)
    - - Origin: Lagoon deposits on tilted block Garben across Mediterranean
        
        Oligocene Formations: 28-23 Ma Lower Corallian Limestone
        
        Miocene Foramtions: Globigerina Limestone (Major) // Blue Clay ( Deep sea, impermeable Aquifer) // Greensand (Glauconite) // Upper Corallian Limestone (7-5 Ma)
        
        Faults: partly exposed Maghlaq Fault (NW-SE)// Victoria Lines Fault (NE-SW)
        
        Zanclean Flood: 5.3 Ma (Lasted 2 years), after Messinian salinity crisis
    - - Units
        
        Adriatic (African) Plate subducts under Europe Plate// Ionian Plate subducts under European Plate & rolls back
        
        Hyblean Foreland (Hyblean-Maltese/ African Platform): African Side
        
        Fault: Dominated by regional normal faulting #
        
        TR-Pleistocene: Carbonates, Chalk ,Turbidites// Pleistocene+: Alkali -Tholeiittic Basalt (from Passive - Active margin)
        
        Quaternary Volcanic Rocks: Mt. Etna: Ionian Plate subducts under Tyrrehenian// Africa Plate
        
        Gela Foredeep (Foreland Basin): Miocene-Pleistocene Marly Limestones, Messinian Evaporites & Sandy Clays
        
        Calabrian Crystalline Basement: (Paleo-Meso-zoic) I+ & M+, Ionian Plate subducts & rolls back, drawing the Calabria Eastwards to Sicily
        
        Apenninic-Maghrebian Orogen: (Mesozoic-Pleistocene) Accretionary Prism with all kinds of marine depo. enviro.
  - - - SiO2 Con't
        
        I+Rocks: Felsic(Acidic) (~Feldspar Rich/Silicic, also enriched with K/Na/Al)
        
        Mafic(Basic) (Mg/Fe/Ca Rich) Texture: Gabbro/ Diabase(a.k.a. Dolerate or Microgabbro)/Basalt/Tachylyte
      - Magma Redox
        
        Tholeiite (MORB, Dry): Reduced, crystallize Mg Olivine first, then Fe Olivine
        
        Calc-Alkaline(Alkaline Earth Rich, Wet): Oxidised, crystallize Fe3O4 together with Mg Olivine
      - Origin: Decompression Melting of Peridotite (Olivine, Cpx & Plg)
- - - - Surtursey