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Reading & Eye Movements (Reading (Stereotyped Oculomotor Pattern…
Reading & Eye Movements
Eye Movements
Mind-Eye Assumption
Eyes remain fixated on a word as long as the word is being processed. Time it takes to process a newly fixated word is directly indicated by gaze duration.
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Visual System Recap
You can only see in really high detail when you look directly at something - only the very middle of the retina (cones) = peak of visual acuity
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Reading
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What distinguishes 'o' from 'a'?
Need highly detailed (central) vision for accurate perception of word form
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Effects
Processing Effects
Advantage of looking at eye movements in reading = clear effects of certain text characteristics on metrics e.g. fixation duration
^Looking at effect of different manipulations on different measures can help us understand how text is processed during reading
Target-Word Approach: Manipulate a target word itself or sentence context & compare oculomotor behaviour on target word
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Task Effects
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Skim Reading - longer, fewer saccades, less detail
Proof-Reading - Short saccades, longer fixations, more refixations, more focus on word-level processing
Text Effects
Font, language, difficulty of context, display format
Longest durations (ms) for maths, physics & biology & slowest reading speeds
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Individual Differences
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Dependent on reading/language skill - more skilled = fewer fixations, longer saccades
Age
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By 11, similar patterns to adults
Fixation count, regressions per line & avg. fixation duration all decline over time
Older Readers
'Risky' reading strategies -> more skips, longer saccades
Longer fixations, more regressions - slower reading
This is NOT universal -> Chinese elderly have more cautious oculomotor pattern than young Chinese people
Special Populations
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Visually Impaired - Macular degeneration = most common cause of blindness (loss of central vision, counter productive attempts to foveate)
Glaucoma - Loss of peripheral vision, shrinking perceptual span, increased density of eye movements
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(Early) Alzheimer's Disease - More fixations & saccades, more regressions, more skipping, breakdown of relationship between saccade length & fixation duration
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