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Unit 4 -Cell to Organisims (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteins are made…
Unit 4 -Cell to Organisims
Vacuoles
Store waste products, nutrients, and water. In plant cells it also store nutrients, and regulates turgor pressure in the cell.
Nucleus
DNA is found in the nucleus, RNA is also made here; surrounded by a membrane; controls all cell activities
Nucleolus
This produces ribosomes; found in the nucleus
Cytoplasm
Part of the cell that is outside the nucleus; contains organelles and provides the perfect environment for chemical reactions to take place
Centriole
Play a role in mitosis (cell division), in animal cells only - Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubules in each group. These are part of the cytoskeleton. Inherited from your father.
Nucleolus
This produces ribosomes; found in the nucleus
Cytoskeleton- Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally Made of microfilaments and microtubules. (protein strands)
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Bodies
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell
Chloroplast
Use carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. Found in plant cells and some protists. They reflect green light while absorbing all other colors. *contain DNA
Cell Membrane
Double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer) that surrounds the cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Mitochondria
Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Assembles membrane lipids and detoxifies the cell of drugs; no ribosomes on this organelle.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Proteins are made on the endoplasmic reticulum's ribosomes. They are collected inside the endoplasmic reticulum and transported throughout the cell. Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell.
Cell Wall
Thick outer layer in plant cells. Made of the carbohydrate cellulose. It maintains the shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in the plant cell's vacuole and pushes against it, creating turgor pressure. Also found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria.
Ribosome- assembles proteins; free ribosomes make proteins that will stay in the cell. Attached ribosomes (attached to the ER) make proteins that will be transported out of the cell.
Chromatin/Chromosomes
plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function.
Vesicles
A small structure made of a lipid bilayer used to transport materials through the cell.
Cilia
Slender cell extension that project outward from the cell - can be used for movement of the cell or to push materials past the cell.
Flagella
Whip-like appendage that extends from the body; used for movement or for sensing the environment
Peroxisomes
Contain an enzyme that allows the breakdown of H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) which is made by cell reactions and is toxic to the cell
Microtubule
part of the cytoskeleton - made of tubulin-used to move substances around the cell - framework of cell
Which molecules are reactants in photosynthesis?
CO₂ + H₂O
What are the products of photosynthesis?
O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆
Which molecules are reactants in Cellular Respiration?
O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆
What are the products of Cellular Respiration?
CO₂ + H₂O
I discovered that plants are made of cells.
Schleiden
I saw cells in cork and came up with the word "cells to describe them.
Hooke
I discovered that animals are made of cells
Schwann
I discovered that there are microscopic organisms in pond water.
Leeuwenhoek
I developed the cell theory and came to the conclusion that all cells come from other cells
Virchow
Glucose
C₆H₁₂O₆
Carbon dioxide
CO₂
Water
H₂O
Oxygen
O₂
Meiosis
A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Function of Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis Occurs in
Humans, animals, plants, fungi
Mitosis Occurs in
all organisms
Number of Divisions (Meiosis)
2
Number of Divisions (Mitosis)
1
Number of Cells produced in Meiosis
4
Chromosome Number (Mitosis)
Remains the same
Meiosis Creates
Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells
Mitosis
A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cell
Type of Reproduction (Meiosis)
Sexual