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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (INVENTORS (Andrew Carnegie United States …
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
CAUSES
agriculture
the practice of cultivating
the land or raising stock
bourgeoisie
the social class
between the lower
and upper classes
capital
wealth in the form
of money or property
capitalism
an economic system
based on private
ownership of assets
immigrant
a person who comes
to a country in order
to settle there
industrialization
the development
of commercial enterprise
invest
lay out money
or resources in
an enterprise
labor
productive work,
especially physical
work done for wages
laborer
someone who works
with their hands
market economy
an economy that relies on
market forces
to determine prices
specialization
making something
suitable for
a particular purpose
working class
a social class
comprising those who do
manual labor
or work for wages
mechanization
the act of using
technology to automate
a process or system
migration
the movement
of persons from
one locality to another
natural resources
resources (actual and potential)
supplied by nature
production
manufacturing or
mining or growing
something for sale
IMPACTS
vulcanize
subject to vulcanization
utilitarianism
the doctrine that the
useful is the good
urbanization
the social process
whereby cities grow
union
an organization of
employees
that bargains
with the employer
strike
refusal to work
in protest against
low pay or bad conditions
supply
offering goods and
services for sale
profit
excess of revenues over outlays
in a given period of time
production
manufacturing or mining or
growing something for sale
demand
the ability and desire to
purchase goods and services
competition
business relation in which two
parties vie to gain customers
standard of living
a level of material
comfort in terms of
goods and services available to
someone or some group
socialism
an economic system
based on state ownership
of capital
revolution
a drastic and far-reaching
change in ways of thinking
monopoly
a market in which
there are many buyers
but only one seller
modernization
the act of making up-to-date
in appearance or behavior
mass production
the production of large quantities of a
standardized article
market economy
an economy that relies
on market forces to
determine prices
labor movement
an organized attempt by
workers to improve their status
by united action (particularly via labor unions)
or the leaders of this movement
Industrial Revolution
the transformation from an
agricultural to an industrial nation
industrialization
the development of commercial enterprise
free enterprise
an economy relying
on market forces to allocate resources
INVENTORS
Andrew Carnegie
United States
industrialist and philanthropist
who endowed education and
public libraries and research trusts
(1835-1919)
Henry Ford
United States manufacturer
of automobiles who pioneered
mass production (1863-1947)
James Watt
Scottish engineer and
inventor whose improvements
in the steam engine led to its wide
use in industry (1736-1819)
John D. Rockefeller
United States industrialist who
made a fortune in the oil business
and gave half of it away (1839-1937)
Richard Trevithick
English engineer who
built the first railway locomotive
Robert Fulton
American inventor who
designed the first commercially
successful steamboat and the
first steam warship (1765-1815)
INVENTIONS
canal
long and
narrow strip of water
for boats or for irrigation
cotton gin
a machine that separates the
seeds from raw cotton fibers
spinning jenny
an early spinning machine
with multiple spindles
invention
a creation
resulting from
study and
experimentation
locomotive
a self-propelled vehicle that
draws a train along a track
telegraph
apparatus used to
communicate at a
distance over a wire
mill
a facility for manufacturing
railroad
line that is the
commercial organization
responsible for
operating a system of
transportation
for trains that
pull passengers or freight
steam engine
external-combustion engine
in which heat is
used to raise steam which
either turns a turbine
or forces a piston to move up
and down in a cylinder
reaper
farm machine that gathers a
food crop from the fields
shuttle
bobbin that passes the
weft thread between
the warp threads
steamboat
a boat propelled by
a steam engine
technology
the practical application
of science
to commerce or industry
textile
artifact made by weaving
or felting or knitting fibers
textile mill
a factory for
making textiles
treadle
a lever that is
operated with the foot
telephone
electronic equipment
that transmits
sound over distances
tenement
a run-down
apartment house
barely meeting
minimal standards
Karl Marx
founder of
modern communism