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End of year test (Cells ((Cytoplasm
Part of the cell that is outside the…
End of year test
Cells
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Vacuoles
Store waste products, nutrients, and water. In plant cells it also store nutrients, and regulates turgor pressure in the cell.
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Cytoplasm
Part of the cell that is outside the nucleus; contains organelles and provides the perfect environment for chemical reactions to take place
Nucleus
DNA is found in the nucleus, RNA is also made here; surrounded by a membrane; controls all cell activites
Centriole: Play a role in mitosis (cell division), in animal cells only - Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubules in each group. These are part of the cytoskeleton. Inherited from your father.
Mitochondria
Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes.
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Bodies
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Assembles membrane lipids and detoxifies the cell of drugs; no ribosomes on this organelle.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Proteins are made on the endoplasmic reticulum's ribosomes. They are collected inside the endoplasmic reticulum and transported throughout the cell. Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell.
Chromatin/Chromosomes
plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function.
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Cilia
Slender cell extension that project outward from the cell - can be used for movement of the cell or to push materials past the cell.
Flagella
Whip-like appendage that extends from the body; used for movement or for sensing the environment
Microtubule
part of the cytoskeleton - made of tubulin-used to move substances around the cell - framework of cell
Chloroplast
Use carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. Found in plant cells and some protists. They reflect green light while absorbing all other colors. *contain DNA
Cell Membrane
Double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer) that surrounds the cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoskeleton: Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally
Peroxisomes
Contain an enzyme that allows the breakdown of H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) which is made by cell reactions and is toxic to the cell
Cell Wall
Thick outer layer in plant cells. Made of the carbohydrate cellulose. It maintains the shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in the plant cell's vacuole and pushes against it, creating turgor pressure. Also found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria.
Ribosome
Assembles proteins; free ribosomes make proteins that will stay in the cell. Attached ribosomes (attached to the ER) make proteins that will be transported out of the cell.
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Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis:A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
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Occurs in Humans, animals, plants, fungi
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Crossing Over (Meiosis)
Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur.
Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur.
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Mitosis:A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cell
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Organ systems, organs, tissues, cells
Which of the following best describes how the human body is organized, from the largest to smallest structure?
Mechanical breakdown and chemical breakdown
For food to be absorbed by your body, which of the following must occur?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients
What is transported by blood?
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