Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Kennedy and Khrushschev - Co-operation (The Agreements (July 1968: Nuclear…
Kennedy and Khrushschev - Co-operation
Attitudes after the Cuban Missile Crisis
KENNEDY
1961: Clashes over Germany (Berlin Crisis) - ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Western armed forces from West Berlin = de facto partition and Berlin Wall
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy wants conciliation! BUT was under pressure from advisers (eg. McNamara and Rusk) to be tough on communism.
1963: Kennedy received report from General Johnson (Director of NSC Net Evaluation Subcommittee, body that secretly produced reports on possible impact of nuclear war) - said neither side could emerge from war without extreme casualties = Kennedy believes nuclear war should be avoided
KHRUSHCHEV
Like Kennedy, wanted peaceful co-existence BUT was pressured by military/party officials AND Mao to be anti-western
Sino-Soviet split - loss of significant ally = Khrushchev wants to renew relations with America
1955: Yugoslavia reconciliation (from 1948) = Khrushchev feels optimistic, believed co-operation is possible
Both Countries
Cuban Missile Crisis = prompted desire to improve relations, since had come so close to nuclear war
Common Ground: Wanted to limit other countries access to nuclear weapons/tests
Talks concerning this continued after 1963 (Assassination) and 1964 (K's ousting) = path to detente in 1970!
TBT - First proposed by Soviets in 1950
The Agreements
Hotline
24 hour communication line between Washington and Moscow - in case of emergency need for communication, but not used during Cold War period, more a symbol of co-operation
August 1963: Test Ban Treaty
Kennedy gives speech - critical to gaining domestic support since USSR had been demonised for so long
Known as 'Limited Treaty'
Did not include underground tests - difficult to detect = tests could still potentially continue secretly
First collective agreement to put limitations on arms race! Confirmed commitment to easing of tensions, since possibility of nuclear war acknowledged
July 1968: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Despite TBT, both continued to develop ICBMs and SLBMs for defence
Soviet ABM's & American MIRVs meant MAD no longer worked = needed more talks!
1964: China tested first nuclear weapon = signatories agreed to not share info on nuclear tech with any non nuclear country, and non nuclear countries agreed
International Atomic Energy Agency agreed - treaty signed by most members of UN