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Immune System (Pathogen- A bacterium, fungus, virus, or other disease…

- - - - Lysozyme-Enzyme called lysozyme is antimicrobial and breaks down bacterial cell walls (found
        in saliva, mucus, and tears)
    - - Adaptive Immunity- Vertebrates only. Pathogen specific recognition. Lymphocytes form from bone marrow and circulate throughout blood.
        
        Lymphatic System- Lymphocytes form from bone marrow and circulate through the blood and lymph recognizing specific pathogens.
        
        Apoptosis- Programmed cell death
        
        Inflammatory Response-A defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue involving the release of substances that promote swelling, enhance the filtration of white blood cells, and aid in tissue repair and destruction of pathogens.
        
        T cell- Mature in thymus
        
        B cell- Mature in bone marrow
        
        Lymphocyte- form from bone marrow and circulate through the blood and lymph recognizing specific pathogens.
        
        Antigen- A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
      - Innate Immunity- Relies on a small set of receptor proteins(toll- like receptors; TLRs) that bind to molecules or structures that are absent from animal bodies but common to a group of viruses, bacteria, and other microbes.
        
        Hemocytes- Cells that ingest and break down invaders using phagocytosis- many release antimicrobial peptides
        
        Phagocytosis- Ingestion of bacteria using phagocytes
        
        Cellular Defense- Rely on several types of receptors on the surface of immune cells
        
        Neutrophils- Circulate in the blood and are attracted by signals from infected tissues and then engulf and destroy infecting pathogens
        
        Macrophages- large phagocytic cells. Killer Cells- Circulate throughout the body and detect an array of surface proteins of virus infected and cancerous cells.
        
        Interferons- Proteins that provide innate defense by interfering w/ viral infections
        
        Histamine- triggers the nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable increasing redness and supply
      - Hummoral Response- The activation and clonal selection of plasma and memory B cells, which produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph
        
        Activation- Begins when an antigen binds to a B-cell receptor
        
        Clonal Selection-B-cells form clones in response to a specific antigen to amplify the response the cells can have.
        
        Cytokines- small proteins that regulate the
        function of other cells (cell communication)
        
        Memory cell- Remember what your body came into contact with
        
        Primary Immune Response- The body is first exposed to a foreign antigen and a B cell is activated producing plasma cells that make antibodies against the specific antigen
        
        Secondary Immune Response- Happens when the same antigen invades the body at another time: faster and greater magnitude
      - Cell Mediated Immune Response- involves activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells (Tc), which identify and destroy infected cells
        
        Cytotoxic T cell- Destroy infected cells
        
        Helper T cell-s help with both the humoral and cell mediated immune responses
        
        Active immunity- happens when being exposed to an antigen leaves circulating memory cells
        
        Passive Immunity- When receives antibodies
        
        Allergies- Antibodies produced after first exposure to an allergen attach to receptors on mast cells
        
        Autoimmune Diseases- The immune system turns against specific molecules of the body allowing cytotoxic T cells to attack healthy cells belonging to self
        
        Immune System Avoidance- Changes in epitope expression allows an antigen to avoid the immune system
        or the antigen goes into an inactive state (latency)