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Perception (Sound (gestalt (similarity (elements in an auditory or visual…

- - - - outer hair cells increase mechanical vibrations of BM
    - - If CF played just above threshold, but then a second tone just above or below CF at higher level, then firing rate is reduced
  - - - most precise at low frequency, disappears above 4-5hz
  - - - sine wave, at a low level
      - for each of several masker frequencies the level of masker required to just mask the signal is determined
      - plot masker level vs frequency is threshold
  - - - f1 and f2 creates a third tone at frequency 2f1-f2 recoded f1 and f2 are close in frequency and similar levels
  - - - resolved harmonics either by place information or temporal information (phase locking)
      - attempts find a fundamental frequency that would match the one actually presented
      - less clear pitch with only high harmonics
  - - - Moving heads
      - pinnae: interference effects
  - - - elements in an auditory or visual scene will be grouped and perceived as one object or sound if they are similar
        
        vision: shape and orientation
        
        sound: frequency, timbre
    - - e.g. vibrato
    - - e.g. illusory contours (vision), phonemic/tone restoration effect (sound)
  - - - x is time
      - y is frequency
      - shading is energy
    - - coarticulation
      - poor articulation
      - individual differences between speakers
      - reflections and background noise
    - - words
      - sequences
      - rules
      - meanings, context
      - accents
- - - - absolute distance from vergence ages and vertical disparities
  - - - cooperatively
      - local matches cooperate to achieve a local solution
- - - - boundaries
      - figure/ground
  - - - a pair of oriented receptive fields with spatial phase difference of 90 degrees
      - temporal phase difference of 90
      - two receptive fields
  - - - FD: MST lesion impaired 2nd order not first
      - RA: V2/V3 lesion impaired first order not second
  - - - harder to establish a match
      - low pass filtering increases apparent size of clusters in images enabling match to be achieved over greater distances so dmax increases
    - - dmax corresponds to 0.25-0.75 of a cycle of the dominant spatial frequency
- - - - Matching lights must be independent
      - Experimenter free to mix one of the matching lights with the test light
    - - Microspectrophotometry
      - Suction electrode recording
      - Artificial production
      - Colour matching functions
    - - Protanopes: L deficient
      - M cones: deuteranope
    - - spectral distribution of peak sensitivities
      - genetic alterations of L and M common, S are not
        
        Lie very close together on X chromosome
      - Colour deficiencies associated with L and M are sex linked, but S cones not
        
        L and M on X chromosome
      - Short wave receptors rare
    - - X chromosome activation
      - Cone pigment expression
  - - - Chromatic statistics of the environment
      - chromatic filters in the eye
  - - - Damage to CoS, lost texture and colour but not shape
    - - Disruption of LOC, lost shape but not texture or colour
  - - - If observer asked to choose an ellipse that matches the retinal image of a tilted circle, he will choose an ellipse that is too circular
      - if an observer is asked to choose an ellipse that matches the physical stimulus, he will choose an ellipse that is too flat.
    - - Signal from each cone class turned up by a multiplicative coefficient
      - At each location, these gains are set independently within each cone class
      - Inverse proportion to a spatial average of the photon catch by cones of the same cone class.
    - - The multiplicative factors which transform the cone coordinates of an incandescent carbon illuminant to those of a reference illuminant also transform the coordinates of surfaces to approximately their coordinates under the reference illuminant.
    - - Brightest is white
      - global mean
        
        grey world hypothesis
        
        only if they remain constant
    - - Equated local surround
      - Equated global mean
      - Equated maximum flux
    - - when test is illuminated with a different light to the background the colour is perceived correctly relative to the local illumination not background
    - - Simultaneous asymmetric
      - Successive asymmetric
      - Hapliscopic
      - Achromatic setting
      - Colour boundaries
      - Colour naming
- - - - Vestibulo-ocular reflex
      - optokinetic reflex
    - - Saccadic system
      - Pursuit system
      - vergence system
    - - Drift
      - Microsaccades
      - Tremor
- - - - 10%
      - large
      - spatially opponent
      - chromatically non opponent
      - transient
      - fast
      - low saturation point
      - L+M vis bipolar
      - high contrast sensitivity
    - - 60-80%
      - 2-3 times smaller
      - spatially opponent
      - chromatically opponent: cherry to teal
      - parvo projections
      - L or M to centre and antagonist from other
      - Slow
      - sustained
      - low contrast sensitivity
    - - Chromatically selective: lilac to lime
      - koniocellular layers
      - large receptive field
      - 4%
      - S inputs plus overlapping L + M