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Policy Making System (POLICY MAKING INSTITUTIONS (Courts (The courts are…

- - - - They participate in Lobbying, the process of influencing a politician or public official on a certain issue.
      - They testify in Congressional Hearings , which is the principal formal method by which United States congressional committees collect and analyze information in the early stages of legislative policy making.
      - They send representatives to different parts of the country to put pressure on Members of Congress and Policymakers.
      - The most impactful action that an Interest Group can do is to create a Political Action Committee (PACs) , which is an organization that raises money privately to influence elections or legislation, especially at the federal level.
  - - - They shape the Policy Agenda by filtering in only the issues that they care about, so that those are the ones that are brought to the light.
      - They are able to target the Elites who are able to effect public policy.
      - The Media acts as a "Fourth Estate" which means that it scrutinizes the government and allows the public to hold the government accountable.
  - - - Representatives are likely to support popular policy ideas to get elected and then act on those.
      - Elections give the people a voice by allowing them to choose who they support and they will choose those who support what they believe.
  - - - Political Parties give their members a connection to those within the policy making process allowing their voices to be heard.
      - They have significant influence on those within their party, and so in turn have influence over those who make the policy agenda.
- - - - Examples: Clean Air Act is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world.
  - - - Example: Bureaucracy and red tape have a considerable effect on a country's economy. Deregulated markets encourage the efficient allocation of resources since decisions are based on economic factors. Excessive regulation, by contrast, can result in needlessly high costs and inefficient behavior.
  - - - Example: The tax system has a pronounced impact on economic performance. For instance, the federal tax burden in the U.S. is about 17 percent of GDP, which is less than the aggregate tax burden in Hong Kong. Yet, since Hong Kong has a low-rate flat tax that generally does not penalize saving and investment, it raises revenue in a much less destructive manner. Similarly, the current U.S. tax system raises about the same level of revenue as it did 25 years ago, but the associated economic costs are lower because marginal tax rates have been reduced on work, saving, investment, and entrepreneurship.
  - - - Example: Government spending should be significantly reduced. It has grown far too quickly in recent years, and most of the new spending is for purposes other than homeland security and national defense.
- - - - Because of all of these ways of bringing the issue to light, the task of influencing the policy making system is now in the hands of the linkage institutions.