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Paper 2 - Religion, peace and conflict (12.6 - The consequences of modern…

- - - - "Father, forgive them; for they do not know what they are doing"
    - - Peter asked how many times he should forgive his brother, 'As many as seven times?', Jesus replied 'seventy-seven times' meaning he should always forgive.
      - Lord's prayer 'forgive us our debts' teaching that Christians must forgive others.
      - Jesus forgave Peter for denying him.
      - The message of the parable of the Unforgiving Servant is that God only forgives those who are willing to forgive others.
  - - - "Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you"
    - - Opportunities to learn from the past.
      - Respect for others' religions and beliefs.
      - A more peaceful future.
      - An opportunity to live without fear.
      - Appreciation and acceptance of each other.
      - A stronger relationship.
- - - - They may take part in a peaceful march or procession to make their point.
      - Many Christians believe that violent protest is an ineffective and damaging way to create change, and may result in loss of life.
      - Most Catholics agree with the UK law that it's legitimate to protest peacefully, and may protest against injustice in public.
    - - Some people supported violent protests by the suffragette movement in the early 20th century.
      - The Church took part in protests which became violent against the government in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2015.
      - Some people will join others in protests which they accept may lead to violence, if they believe it is the only way to get the government to take notice.
- - - - It must be declared by a legitimate authority.
      - Only proportional force should be used.
      - There must be reasonable chance of winning and bringing lasting peace.
      - Innocent civilians should not be attacked.
      - It must be a just cause e.g. self-defence
      - It must be the last resort, having tried to solve the dispute.
  - - - The just war theory is dangerous as it could be used to defend the concept of war. It's outdated and not relevant.
      - We should only support a war that meets the just war criteria, as only then can it be justified.
      - Army should only go to war when there's been a major abuse of power or a serious threat to Britain's security.
      - It is so much better if war can be avoided by working together, including the UN, to avoid conflict.
- - - - With WMDs the possibility of success is small; there are no 'victors, only victims'.
      - The cost of researching, building and maintaining these weapons is great; it prevents governments from spending to improve people's lives.
      - Totally inappropriate to any possible success that may follow.
      - Possession of these weapons increases tension and fear, making the world less safe.
      - Completely indiscriminate and have long-term effects.
    - - Pacem in Terris
        
        "We are deeply distressed to see the enormous stocks of armaments that have been, and continue to be,
        
        manufactured … involving a vast outlay of intellectual and material resources … while other countries lack the
        
        help they need …
        
        Consequently people are living in the grip of constant fear …
        
        Hence justice, right reason, and the recognition of man’s dignity cry out insistently for a cessation to the arms race
        
        … Nuclear weapons must be banned …
        
        The warning of Pope Pius XII stills rings in our ears: ‘Nothing is lost by peace; everything may be lost by war.’"
  - - - Having nuclear weapons deters aggressive attacks from other countries.
        
        Having such weapons is important for self-defence, particularly when other countries have them.
    - - Some non-religious people and some Christians oppose WMDs for similar reasons to those given by the Catholic Church.
        
        Someone needs to start the process of disarmament: Britain should do this.
- - - - Many end up living in refugee camps in very poor conditions.
  - - - Response: As stewards of the earth, people have a responsibility to limit any damage done to the environment.
    - - Response: Popes have condemned the use of practices that ruin the environment such as the use of chemical weapons.
- - - - It could be argued that they were a persecuted people fighting for their survival.
  - - - Took place between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries.
      - Were fought by Christians who believed that if they died in battle they would go straight to heaven.
      - Aimed to free Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the control of the Muslim Turks.
      - Were authorised by various Popes, who believed it to be God's will.
  - - - Religion
      - To gain land
      - Politics
      - To gain resources
      - Economics
      - Retalliation
      - Self-defence
- - - - Some people have a religious or moral (though nonreligious)
        belief in the sanctity of life.
      - War never solves problems.
      - Jesus taught that peace is better than violence.
      - War causes such destruction that problems need to be
        solved through more peaceful, humane means.
      - It is always wrong to fight, even in self defence.
    - - Peace can only be built on mutual respect which is unlikely
        if one party isn’t prepared to defend itself.
      - A country that isn’t prepared to fight is prepared to fight is seen as weak.
      - It is the duty of a country to defend its peoples.
      - Sometimes all negotiations fail and war is necessary to
        bring about justice for the weak or to defend against attack.
      - Force is sometimes necessary to solve disputes.
  - - - ‘if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other also.’
      - ‘Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God.’
      - ‘all who take the sword will perish by the sword.’
- - - - The civil war in Syria has caused thousands to flee; others have lost their homes and needed shelter.
      - Aid to the Church in Need has provided shelter, blankets, medicine and food both inside and outside Syria.
    - - After the fighting in Niger in 2015, many people fled their homes and were living under trees.
      - Caritas International provided food, water and shelter, even where the aid workers were themselves in danger of being attacked.
    - - After civil war in Sierra Leone (1991– 2002), CAFOD set up orphanages and rehabilitation programmes to help children who had been forced to become child soldiers get back to a normal way of life.
- - - - Some argue that without this action Judaism might not have survived and so in those circumstances these actions are justifiable.
  - - - The IRA (Irish Republican Army) detonated bombs in Warrington (1993), London (1993), Manchester (1996) and Omagh (1998).
      - Islamist extremists carried out attacks in London (2005), Glasgow (2007), and in London and Manchester in 2017.
      - Some people believe that terrorists are motivated by their religion.
      - Others say that they have a distorted and inaccurate view of the world and what God would want: their actions have been completely rejected by the religion they claim to represent.
- - - - It views it as barbaric.
      - Catholics see it as always wrong and inhuman.
      - It denies the victim their basic human rights.
      - International law does not allow it even in war.
      - It is illegal.