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The Intifada and the 1993 Oslo Accords (The Intifada (In December 1987…

- - - - Israeli police sealed off certain areas and placed curfews, and allowed police to open fire on resistors
        
        The Israelis saw Palestinian schools and colleges as places of agitation, so they closed the school system for 2 years between '88 and '90. Palestinian Uni's were closed for 4
        
        None of this stoped the Intifada however
      - 23% of deaths during the Intifada were under 16 #
  - - - The Intifada was brilliant for the PLO as they had failed to put any pressure on Israel since they were forced out of Beirut. Now that the Palestinian cause had support, Arafat saw the opportunity to establish a Palestinian state in Gaza and the West Bank. In Dec 1988 he said he was prepared to make a number of concessions required by the US
        
        Not all Intifada protestors supported the PLO. A new group, Hamas, was founded in 1988 as a fundamentalist Islamic group that rejected Israeli compromise. Both the Israelis and the PLO were concerned by the group, and it's leader, Ahmad Yasin was imprisoned for 8 years in 1989
        
        The Gulf War added pressure to Arafat to deal with Israel. His support for Saddam Hussein (who invaded Kuwait and was supported by Palestinians, who were then expelled by Kuwait for supporting Hussein) caused the Gulf states to stop financing the PLO.
- - - - A nw government was elected in Israel, lead by Yitzhak Rabin, who was prepared to make a deal with the Palestinians . He hoped to delegate with local Palestinians and cut out officials, but it failed.
        
        The rise of Hamas lead to both parties seeking a solution. In Oslo, secretive talks took place between Israel and the PLO, and on 30 Aug 1993 an agreement was reached. On 13 September, Rabin and Arafat officially signed the agreement in Washington.
        
        It was not a final settlement by any means; it left out details on Jewish settlement in Jerusalem and other long-term issues, however Gaza and West Bank were given more autonomy, as well as establishing an armed police force. The agreement came into affect in May 1994 , and resulted in Rabin, Arafat and the Israeli foreign minister receiving the Nobel Peace prize.
        
        The PLO moved to Gaza in July 1994 and Arafat took control of domestic issues in the Gaza and West Bank. Further negotiations in September 1995 led to to further devolved power to Palestinian territory, being signed in Oslo and aptly being named 'Oslo II'
        
        Arafat became president of the Palestinian authority in Jan 1996
        
        The Accords lead to Jordan seeking a similar agreement with Israel, and a formal peace treaty was written and signed in July 1994. Hopes for a Syrian and Lebanese peace treaty were in the air, however they were still threats and were difficult to negotiate with
        
        The majority of Palestinians were happy with the agreements, however large minorities, including PLO factions and Hamas, weren't
        
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  - - - On 4 Nov 1995, rabin was shot dead by a Jewish extremist. It was national tragedy, as Rabin was popular. Peres, the successor, wasn't as popular, and lost the Labour Party in Israel the election. Hamas suicide attacks also increased, killing 59 in a month. This was proof that the agreements were failing, and Israeli troops invaded south Lebanon, again, on April 1996. 254 people were killed, half of which were civilians. 104 Lebanese were killed in one day (18 April) when Israel bombed a UN base in Tyre. This didn't help the situation however
        
        The Labour Party lost the election and was replaced by Likud, a hardline party who had opposing intentions to the previous government. It expanded West Bank settlements, closed Palestinian offices in Jerusalem and announced no concessions with Syria over the Golan Heights. Israeli forces also remained in Hebron, opposing Oslo II
        
        In Sept 1996, a tourist tunnel was opened near a mosque, deeply upsetting Palestinians, and caused violence to break out. Gun fights between Israeli and Palestinian police lasted 2 days between the 25th and 27th, killing 68 people. Spontaneous violence occurred throughout the rest of the next year, despite Israel almost fully pulling out of Hebron. However, Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem were announced, and responded to with a suicide attack by Hamas in July, killing 14
        
        The agreements, it seemed, didn't have much of an affect on the situation