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Cultural Diversity (Spirituality and Religon (Spirituality: beliefs an…
Cultural Diversity
Spirituality and Religon
Spirituality: beliefs an individual has about themselves, their connection with others, and relationship with a higher power
AKA: individual tries to find meaning and purpose in life
Religion: organized system of beliefs in superhuman power of higher power
Atheist: person who doesn't believe in any deity
Agnostic: individual who believes that existence of God can't be proved or disproved
Monotheists: believe in existence of one God
Polytheists: worship and believe in many Gods
Bias
preference/ inclination that inhibits partial judgement
common biases
age
education
economy
physical size
occupation
sexual preference
gender
individual who believes in supremacy of own ethic group
Bias people may antagonize and alienate people from other culture
Prejudice
strong feelings/ beliefs about person/ subject, a pre-judgement of others without reviewing facts or info
often based on fear
regard ideas/ behaviors as right and others as wrong
everyone is prejudice to some degree
Stereotyping
making assumptions that everyone in a group is the same
Culture
Culture= values, beliefs, attitudes, language, symbols, rituals, behavior, and customs unique to certain groups
passed from one generation to the next
known as foundation of behavior
4 basic characteristics
culture is learned
culture is shared
culture is social in nature
culture is dynamic and constantly changing
health care workers involved with many different people
take care of others and work with otehrs
must respect individuals
must be aware of factors causing each person to be unique
Ethnicity
class of people on national origin and or culture
member of ethnic group can share common heritage, geographic location, national origin, social customs, language, and beliefs
Common ethnic groups
African American: central and south Africa, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica
Asian/ Pacific American: Cambodia, China, Guam, Hawaii, Korea, Loas, Philippines, Samoa, and Vietnam
Hispanic American: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Spain, and Spanish speaking countries in central and south America
European American: England, France, Germany, Netherlands, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Russia, Scandinavia, Scotland, and Switzerland
Middle Eastern/ Arabic American: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Yemen, etc
Native American: includes Eskimos and over 500 other tribes
important to make note that within each group there is numerous subgroups
European groups include Italians & Germans both with different languages and lifestyles
Different among people resulting from culture, ethnic, and racial factors
differences influence a person's behavior
important to remember differences exist with in ethnic and cultural groups and in individuals within the groups
US used to be melting pot, but now referred to as salad bowl to show appreciation and respect for each culture
Understanding Cultural Diversity
cultural and ethnic beliefs will affect behavior
health care workers need to be aware of these beliefs to meet physical, social, emotional, and mental needs of individual
holistic care
care that provides for well being of whole person and meets not only physical needs
areas of cultural diversity
family organization
structure of family and dominate/ decision making person in family
nuclear: mom, dad, kids or single parent and child(ren)
extended: nuclear family, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
patriarchal: where father/ oldest son is authority figure
matriarchal: where mother/ oldest daughter is authority figure
recognition/ acceptance of family organization is essential in all aspects of health care field
language
in US dominants language= English
US Census Bureau verified over 20% of population younger than 65 spoke another language at home
variations within language caused by different dialects
find interpreter whenever possible, speak slowly and use simple words/ phrases
most states require any medical permission form requiring a signature to be printed in the patient's language to ensure they understand what they're signing
personal space
Arabs= very close contact and touchy
French & Latin American= tend to be very close hugs & handshakes
African American= prefer a little space between you (2-4 feet)
touch
eye contact
most European Americans regard eye contact during conversation as interest & trustworthiness
some Asian Americans consider direct eye contact very rude-
Native Americans may use peripheral vision & avoid direct eye contact
gestures
health care beliefs
Most common healthcare system in US= biomedical/ "Western" system
bases cause of disease on such things as microorganism, diseased cells, and process of aging
South Africa
Health concepts: maintain harmony of body, mind, & spirit; harmony with nature
Cause of illness: conflict with shame/ disharmony in life, punishment from God, spirits, & demons
Traditional healing: root doctor or folk practitioner
Methods of treatment: restore harmony, prayer & meditation, herbs, roots, charms
Amish
no infant baptism; occurs between 16-25
give birth @ home; birth control not found but usually not used
large families are considered a gift from God
believe in living simple life in harmony with nature
accept blood transfusions, surgery, and chemotherapy, don't use prescriptions; rely on herbal remedies
Asian
Health Concept: health= state of physical and spiritual harmony with nature; balance of 2 energy forces (Yin: cold, Yang: hot)
Cause of illness; imbalance between Yin & Yang & supernatural forces
Traditional Healers: herbalist, physician, Shaman Healer
Methods of Treatment: cold remedies, herbal remedies, acupuncture & acupressure, energy restore of Yin & Yang
Response to pain: pain must be accepted & endured silently
Europeans
Health Concepts: health can be maintained by rest, diet & exercise, immunizations & preventative practice
Cause of illness: outside sources (germs, pollution, etc)
Traditional Healers: nurses & doctors
Methods of treatment: medications, surgery, prayers, religious rituals, diet & exercise, home remedies
Response to pain: some express loudly, others value self control to pain; can be helped by meds
Hispanic
Health Concept: health= a reward from God, health is good luck, based between hot & cold
Cause of illness: punishment from God, Susto (fright), Malojo (evil eye), or Envidia (envy)
Traditional healers: native healing, spiritualist, herbalists, etc
Methods of treatment: hot & cold remedies, torestor balance, prayers, medals, candles, herbal remedies, massage, wear azabache (black stone) to ward off evil eye
Response to pain: many will express pain verbally & accept treatment, others feel pain is a part of life & must be endured
Middle Eastern
Health Concept: health is caused by spiritual forces, cleanliness is essential for health
male individual is dominate and makes decisions on health care
Cause of illness: spiritual causes, punishment for sins, evil spirits, or evil eye
Traditional Healers: physicians
Methods of Treatment: medicines, charms & amulets, surgery, meditation, male health professionals can't touch/ exam a female patient
Response to pain: tolerating pain is a sign of strength; self inflicted pain is used as a sign of grief
Native American
Health Concept: health = harmony between man & nature, balance among mind, body, spirit, and spiritual powers controlling the body's harmony
Cause of illness: supernatural forces & evil spirits, violation of taboo, imbalance between man & nature
Traditional Healers: shaman, medicine man
Response to pain: pain= normal part of life, tolerance signifies strength & power
spirituality
religion
Race
class of people based on physical and biological characteristics
color of skin, hair, and eyes, facial features, blood types, bone structure
frequently used to label groups of people and explain pattern of behavior
cuts across multiple ethnic and cultural groups
Acculturation: process of learning beliefs and behaviors of dominant culture and assuming some of the characteristics
occurs slowly and over long period of time
1st generation: likely to use language of country came from
2nd-3rd generations use english as main language
every individual has unique blend of characteristics and as health care workers, you need to know its importance
Bias, prejudice, and stereotyping are barriers to effect relationship with others
need to be on alert to these and make every effort to avoid
health care workers need to avoid feelings and assumptions