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Problem Solving (What is a Problem? (What is Problem Solving? (Eyseneck…
Problem Solving
What is a Problem?
When a living organism has a goal, but does not know how this goal is to be reached
Perceiving, learning, decision-making, communication etc. = all problem solving
What is Problem Solving?
Eyseneck & Keane:
- Purposeful (goal directed)
- Involves cognitive processes (not automatic)
- Only exists when someone lacks the relevant knowledge to produce an immediate solution
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Two-String Problem - Maier: Task = tie one string to another but you can't reach one whilst holding the other
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Studies
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MacGregor, Ormerod & Chronicle
Cue is useless - when solving problems we always monitor our own progress to decide whether or not to change our strategy
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Newell & Simon
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Good for simple lab problems - Humans have very limited ability to process & store problem based information
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In complex problems, operators are chosen using heuristics (rules of thumb) - E.g. Goal = reach peak of tallest mountain - you must must climbs smaller mountains to reach it (sub-goals)
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Knoblich et al
- Match stick problem - Move one stick to produce a true statement
- PPs spent more time fixating on the values than the operators
- Representations of the problem specified that the values needed to change
- Fixations on the operators increased as the pps approached a solution
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Types of Problems
Insight Problems
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Jung-Beeman - Right anterior superior temporal gyrus was activated only when solutions involved insight - word that can go in front of other words (post)
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