Mind map 9

NORTH INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC CH. 30

Music passed down via oral tradition

Repertories of motives and themes-not a piece of music

Centuries-old performance tradition linked to Hinduism (12th century)

Apprenticeships

Master players-panditor ustad

All memorized-no notation

Music System

Raga: series of pitches, projects mood, time of day

Pitches for the organized melody

Descent sequences-avaroha

Other characteristics

Ascent sequences-aroha

Vadi-most important note

Samavadi-2nd most important note

Pakad-essence of musical phrase

Played on sitar

Long-neck plucked string instrument with metal strings & gourd resonator

Tala-complex rhythmic cycle; translation-clap

Accompaniment to raga

Tabla or Pakhawaj-Hand drums

Drone-form of harmony; striking of strings that sustain pitches

Shrutibox-bellows drone; electronic today

Swarmandal-Indian harp

Tanpura-long-necked, plucked ; string instrument

Ravi Shankar (1920–2012)

One best known sitar players and teacher

Apprenticeship system

Taught his daughter Anoushkaand the Beatle George Harrison

Raga Rock

Influenced Indian music in 1960 & 70s pop music

Performed at Woodstock in 1969

RAGA BHIMPALASI

Ascending and descending raga

Form-

Improvised melodic elaborations

Introduction-Alap

Slow/unmetered

sitar alone

2nd Section-Gat

Tabla enters

Rhyhthmiccylce

3rd Section-Jhala

Faster tempo

Interplay of instruments

Complex Rhythm

2+4+4+4

CHINESE OPERA CH. 44

Leading form of entertainment in China for centuries (13th century)

Beijing opera

Blend-music/mime/dance/costumes

Themes-novels & politics

Most prestigious

CULTURAL REVOLUTION (1966)

Opera

After the Cultural Revolution, Beijing opera enjoyed a revival

8 approved as “model plays”

Traditional operas were banned

Example-The Story of the Red Lantern

Communist Regime

Purge China of class-structured society

The WEST the ENEMY

Leader-Mao Zedong

The Story of the Red Lantern

Based on1958 novel-Will be Followers of Revolution by Daoyuan

Story-

Japanese occupation of China in 1920s and ’30s

Li Tiemeitakes up the cause of the communist martyrs after parents death of parents

No romance

“To be such a person” for soprano soloist accompanied by traditional Chinese instruments

Heard on radio, film, and live performances

Singing styles and accompanying instruments very different from Western opera

Erhu, Yang Qin, Pipa

Mandarin

Heterophony

JAPANESE MUSIC CH. 47

JAPANESE MUSIC

Little contact with the West until 1854

Japan adopted elements of Western culture

Westerners experienced a “craze” for all things Japanese

US Navy ended isolation

scale system

Pentatonic (5 notes)

ECHIGOJISHI(THE LION OF ECHIGO)

1811

Kabuki play

dance- drama

Much style-costumes, makeup, etc.

Story

Kakubei-entertainer-steals things while performing a lion dance

Two versions presented here:

Simple tune played on the shamisen

Dance performance with drum and shamisen variations

JAVANESE GAMELAN CH. 62

JAVANESE GAMELAN

Oral tradition & performed by memory

Passed down from master to apprentice

Mostly metallic percussion instruments

Interaction of the melodic movement with a cyclical rhythmic structure determines the form of the work

Hindu, Islamic, and Buddhist influences

1889 Paris World Exhibition-introduced to Western culture

Traditional ensemble music of Java, Bali, and SundanIndonesia

Performed at:

Ritual ceremonies, court performances

Shadow-puppet theater (wayang)

Shadow-puppet plays begin early evening and continue until dawn

PATALON

Overture to shadow-puppet play

Story from Hindu epic-Ramayana

Story of Kind of Rama whose wife is kidnapped by evil king

Singer elaborates melody

Melody based on pentatonic scale

Drum marks transition between sections

First section slow & stately

EAST AFRICAN DRUMMING CH. 64

Europeans once viewed African music to be “primitive” due to lack of melodic & harmonic content

Oral tradition

Repeating patterns that superimpose on each other

Passed down from master to apprentice

ROYAL DRUM ENSEMBLES OF UGANDA-ENTENGA

Uganda

East Africa borders Kenya & Lake Victoria

Influenced by Arab, Indonesian, and British cultures

Music played at courts

Consist of both pitched and unpitched drums

Ensemble has 6 musicians and 15 drums

4 musicians plays on pitched drums (called drum chimes & played with curved beaters)

2 musicians accompany on unpitched drums

Use pentatonic melodies and polyrhythms

ENSIRIBAYA MUNANGE KATEGO

Polyrhythmic

Gapped melodies with interweaving new patterns

story

Pentatonic

Subchief-Kangawo-wears a leopard skin headband for good luck.

One night the headband disappears and he feels so unprotected that he falls ill and dies.

MODERN AMERICAN SOUND CH. 57 & 59

THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE

In the 1920s and ’30s, African American artists paying tribute to their heritage

Location-Harlem, NYC

Growing sense of a new black identity

Looking to Africa for inspiration

Seeking racial equality and black cultural pride

Famous Artists-

Sculptor Richmond Barthé

Poet Langston Hughes

Imitated the rhythms and flow of jazz

Musicians Duke Ellington and William Grant Still

Poet Zora Neale Hurston

WILLIAM GRANT STILL (1895–1978)

Grew up in Little Rock, Arkansas

Studied Violin

Moved to Memphis, then New York

Arranger for radio and musical theater

Studied composition with Varèse

Opened wider range of opportunities for African American musicians

1st Symphony

Search for a “modern American sound"

Afro-American Symphony (1931)

1st symphony by African American composer to be performed by major American orchestra

1934 moved to Los Angeles-film and television scores

1949 opera Troubled Island

1st opera to be premiered by an African American composer

listening guide 49- GRANT STILL’S SUITE FOR VIOLIN AND PIANO

Established practices to evoke images of black America’s artistic efforts

Each movement based on a different artwork by African American artists

1943

II-Johnson’s Mother & Child

III-Savage’s Gamin

I-Barthe’sAfrican Dancer

The last movement (LG 49) flashy and syncopated, with a “stride” bass

All movements use modal harmonies and blues-style melodies

MODERN AMERICAN NATIONALISM

Compelling American sounds from attempts to integrate vernacular and “serious” music traditions

Music from various parts of the country

Patriotism a part of national identity

Art should “serve the American people” (Copland)

Non-concert traditions played a vital role in North American musical life of the late 1800s

CHARLES IVES (1874-1954)

Born in Danbury, Connecticut

Church organist (13)

Father former Civil War bandleader

Studied composition at Yale

Decided against music as a profession and became insurance agent; composed in his spare time.

Gradually became known to the general public; famous by age 73

Experimental Composer

Used vernacular heritage

listening guide 51- COUNTRY BAND MARCH

March for wind band

Complex mesh of tunes, mostly well-known musical quotations from Ives’s childhood

1903

Battle Cry of Freedom

Yankee Doodle

Semper Fidelis

Marching through Georgia

Arkansas Traveler

British Grenadiers

London Bridge

Simulates an amateur band’s skills

Bad entrances

Wrong notes

Out of tune notes

Harshly dissonant, polytonal

Sense of humor

AARON COPLAND (1900-1990)

Born in Brooklyn

Studied in Paris with Nadia Boulanger (Composition teacher)

Returned writing jazz and neo-Classical styles

Popular ballets & film scores

In the 1930s and ’40s changed directions-populist style

Billy the Kid & Appalachian Spring

Of Mice and Men, The Red Pony, The Heiress

Investigated in 1950s as Communist supporter

Wide appeal and music useful in a variety of contexts

Rooted primarily in Appalachian and other Anglo-American folk melodies

listening guide 52- APPALACHIAN SPRING

1945

Ballet Suite in 7 sections

Collaboration with choreographer Martha Graham (1894–1991)

Portrays a pioneer celebration

Section 1-

Opening section of the suite evokes daybreak

Slow & Tranquil

Polychordal-gentle dissonance

section 7-

Shaker song

Lots of changing tone colors and individual instruments featured

Set of variations on the song Simple Gifts

Majestic closing