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THE EXPRESSION OF MANNER, MEANS AND INSTRUMENT (4. EXPRESSION OF MEANS…

- - - - MANNER (How? quickly, fast, easilly)
      - PLACE (Where?): here, there, back, down
      - TIME (When?): soon, once, now
      - FREQUENCY AND REPET (How often)
      - DEGREE (To what extent?): completely, greatly, entirely
      - INTERROGATIVE (used in questions): Wh words
      - RELATIVE: pronouns used to introduce sentences
    - - AFFIRMATION (yet, certainly, sure)
      - NEGATION (no, not, never)
      - PROBABILITY (perhaps, maybe)
      - QUANTITY, AMOUNT, NUMBERS (little, twice)
- - - - slowly
      - like + NP
      - as + clause
  - - - Placed at the END of sentence (He gave her the money reluctantly). Also in MEDIAL position in passive (Tear gas was indiscriminately sprayed)
      - MANNER ADJUNCTS often in END POSITION (He looked at me suspiciously) and in MID-POSITION (He looked suspiciously at me), esp f subj contains multiple Ws
      - All types of process adj can co-occur w/ each other (He worked hard with his new drill)
- - - - -LY ENDING: derived from Adj and participles. Can also form an Adj (kindly heart). Some adj can't be used as ADV (friendly>in a friendly manner). Frequently adj form and adj+-ly (adv) diff meaning (close(ly), free(ly), hard(ly)). CHANGES OF SPELLING (happily, truly, finally, simply, capably)
      - PHRASE W/ MANNER, WAY, STYLE: in a funny way
      - LIKE or AS (if/though): Try to write as I do / like me
      - ADVERBS with same form and meaning as adj (far, little, much, well)
      - ADV formed with other suffixes: -WARDS, -WISE, -WAYS
      - ADV formed from other speech parts + '-a' (ashore, adrift, abroad)
    - - PREP PHR.: with/without+NP, in a+adj+way/manner
      - VERBS: think aloud = speak up, look = stare, peep glare, glance
      - ADJ INSTEAD OF ADVERBS: Vb of perception (look, seem, taste, ...) Vb followed by Adj to describe Subj (she sat motionless), Vbs used to show Subj change (It's getting dark) or change on the Object (he drives me mad)
- - - - CONTRAST (however, on the other hand)
      - SIMILARITY (likewise, similarly)
      - CONTINUATION (furthermore, moreover)
      - DIGRESSION/CHANGE OF TOPIC (anyway)
      - SEQUENCE (first, to begin, finally)
    - - MODAL DISJUNCTS probably, certainly, maybe
      - FACT EVALUATING: fortunately, to my surprise
      - SPs COMMENT ON HIS OWN WORDING: briefly, in other words, honestly
      - SUBJECT EVALUATING: Wisely, he spent the money
    - - VIEWPOINT AND COURTESY
      - EMPHASIZER, INTENSIFIER, FOCUSING AND MANNER: Intentionally, they said nothing about the fire