4.3 AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Marine ecosystems
very biodiverse
high stability and resilience
Continental shelf
has 50% of oceanic productivity, 15% of its area
Upwellings bring nutrient-rich water up to the shelf
Light able to reach near surface
importance
Fisheries
High demand
15% - 20% of average protein intake
Half a billion depends for livelihood
CASE STUDY
Japan Bluefin Tuna Whaling
Penang Shrimp Farm
UNCLOS
Contiguous zone
Territorial waters
Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
Internal waters
Foreign ships may not travel
Foreign ship can transit
Patrolling smuggling or illegal immigration activities
Sole rights to exploit all natural resources
Nation free to set laws, regulate use
Phytoplankton
Abundant in the sea
Produce oxygen
Primary producer
division of the shelf
Maximum sustainable yield
Sustainable yield
Increase in natural income that can be exploited each year without depleting original stock/ potential for replenishment
Aquaculture
provide additional food resources
support economic development
Methods of fishing causes environmental issues