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Havels, E. B. (2016). Drug Action and Handling. In Applied Pharmacology…
Havels, E. B. (2016). Drug Action and Handling. In Applied Pharmacology For the Dental Hygienist (7th ed., pp. 11-24). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Characterization of drug action (Haveles, 2016, pp.11-13)
Log Dose Effect Curve
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Reflection: Log dose effect curve appears different from a dose effect curve. Log dose effect curve is meaningful to determine therapeutic dose of the drug.
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Therapeutic Index
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Reflection: A drug with wider/greater therapeutic index is better due to the greater difference between LD50 and ED50.
Mechanism of action of drugs (Haveles, 2016, pp.13-14)
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Receptors
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Reflection: When different substances bond with a receptor, result in different reactions. The shape and affinity are the determine factors.
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Pharmacokinetics (Haveles, 2016, pp.14-18)
study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, is changed by the body, and leaves the body
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
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oral absorption
disruption, disintegration, dispersion, dissolution
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effects of ionization
un-ionized, lipid-soluble = best
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excretion
renal (kidney)*, lungs, bile, GI tract, sweat, saliva, breast milk
renal - glomerlular filtration, active tubular secretion, passive tubular diffusion, alkaline urine, acid urine
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Reflection: What happens if one of the excretion method is disabled? Anything else than toxicity should be concerned?
Clinical pharmacokinetics (Haveles, 2016, pp.18-19)
Half-life
amount of time that passes for the concentration of a drug to fall to half of its original blood level
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kinetics
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zero-order kinetics
rate of metabolism remains constant over time, same amount of drug is metabolized per unit of time regardless of dose
Factors that alter drug effects (Haveles, 2016, pp.19-20)
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Reflection: A drug works best for one patient may not work for another patient. Every patient is different.
Routes of administration and dose forms (Haveles, 2016, pp.20-24)
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oral admin: safest, least expensive, most convenient
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intravenous route
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disadvantages: phlebitis due to local irritation, drug irretrievability, allergy, and side effects related to high plasma concentration of the drug
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topical route
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transdermal patch
continuous controlled release of medication through a semipermeable membrane over a given period after application
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Reflection: Even though the size of oral cavity is limited, various routes of administration can be used.
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