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Social Psychology (Thinking of other people (Attribution (Dispositional…
Social Psychology
Thinking of other people
Theory of Mind:
Predict, Explain and Reason about other's actions
Attribution
Dispositional
+consistent, - consensual with others', -distinctive
Situational
-consistent, + consensual with others', +distinctive
Fundamental Attribution Error, believing other's actions are
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Social Schemas/Roles: representations of how social groups work and the kinds of things they can or cannot do.
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Humans are Ultra-Social: full division of labour (some eat but don't work for food), and willingly dying for group; rare in animal kingdom
Influence and Persuasion
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Beliefs enduring knowledge about the thing. Beliefs are often, but not always, the cause of our attitudes
Attitudes enduring feelings and beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
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Steretoypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Stereotype: Beliefs that you carry about typical behaviours/characteristic of a group/category. Positive or Negative.
Generalization (but to SOCIAL GROUP): an inference (your belief about the world) that a particular phenomenon will share properties or traits with the broader category to which it belongs.
Save up time, memory, and attention cus they are Automatic.
• Save us having to learn everything over and over again, what is true of Group will be true for the Individual
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Prejudice: Attitudes that lead you to want to avoid or approach a group/category. (they usually come from stereotypes, but you might not know why)
Discrimination: Observable behaviour (positive/negative) that are influenced by prejudice toward a group/category
How you lead from stereotype to prejudice, to discrimination
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Implicit Prejudice, and evidence that it leads to Discrimination
Implicit Associations Test (IAT): a psychological test that
measures the degree of implicit and automatic stereotyping.You
match stereotype will be faster and mismatch slower.
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Non-overtly racist people still show moderate scores, suggesting that we all carry Implicit Stereotypes, that might manifest as implicit discrimination, or not
Primary Target Groups: Negative implicit stereotypes are stronger in ethnic minorities, women, and older adults.
- Self-Stereotyping: Members of these groups also get moderate scores even for their own group, suggesting that We all carry Similar implicit stereotypes.
Resume/CV Study: when profs sent identical resumes, and had to evaluate competency and give $, the candidates with typically Black names or female names are judged as less competent and deserving lower wage.
PREVENTING stereotype, prejudice, discrimination:
be aware of (group) Fundamental Attribution Error. And be secure in your sense of self BEYOND one of your in-groups
Contact Hypothesis: prejudice is reduced when we interact + COOPERATE with people from out-groups, including thru shared goals and social support.
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Education: Acquire new information about the cause of their behaviour, fixing stereotypes and attribution errors.
Crossed categorization: individuals in an out-group have other groups, including shared in-groups with you.
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How groups form, Benefits and Costs
Social Group: a collection of individuals who interact with one another and share similar goals and a sense of unity (Could be anything!)
In-Group: the group of people we believe are in our group because they share some trait (call themselves Eagles)
Out-Group: the group of people that we believe are not and cannot be in our group because they do not have the requistie trait (don't call themselves Eagles)
Combine effort to do more than any single person can, Higher safety and chance of survival
Divide labour so that each person can become specialized (leading to ability to discover new skills and tools)
Pass knowledge to each other over time, Higher flexibility and adaptability to the environment
Loafing and Exploitation: In groups, specialization means that some people can do less than others, and still gain the benefits.. diffusing responsibility, making them sometimes less efficient at dealing with problems compared to individuals.
Diffusion of Responsibility: the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others or belong to a large group
Bystander Effect: a phenomenon where individuals fail to help a victim when others are around: the more people around, the less likely people are to themselves help
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Group Think: Groups make decisions to maintain harmony, making them sometimes
less optimal in decision making compared to individuals.
Conformity and Deindividuation: Groups suppress individual differences, resulting in conformity.
Group Polarization: the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme or
polarizing than any single member would have done on their own
Groupthink: phenomenon where groups reach consensus on a decision not because the
decision is correct of best, but because it maintains consensus in a group
censorship, illusion of agreement, out group negativity, illusion of invulnerability
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Deindividuation: a phenomenon where individuals become less aware with their
individual values and instead become more aware with the group’s values
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Trying in-group to self worth: tying your group membership to ONE group, any threat to the group is threat to you, when under threat, you engage in group think and strongly discriminate against out-groups
Reduced Cooperation with Other Groups: by perceiving other groups as different and worse, very strong in groups are prone to prejudice, discrimination and aggression towards other groups
Possessing more negative traits (e.g., they are dumber, lazier, etc.).
• More homogenous than the in-group (“all of them are the same!”) AKA Outgroup Homogeneity: believing that all members of an out-group are exactly the same, while all members of your group are very diverse
• Acting badly for dispositional reasons, while in-group for situational.: AKA Group Fundamental Attribution Error: believing that everyone in an out-group acts the way they do because of their disposition, not situation
MILGRAM Experiments: how obedience makes us commit evil. Why: Authority figure of researcher… Responsibility and blame goes to him. Harm is increased little by little (like foot-in-door, “just one more thing”)
Compliance is 65%! 30% if people have to hold hand on electric pad, 20% if researcher is in different room, 10% if someone else quits first.
ZIMBARDO Experiment : Prison schemas given to college boys, they were made anonymous then either guard or prisoner. Evil, cruel, and inhumane behavior can be as much a product of the situation as it is of individual personality...Conforming to social norms and schemas can be quickly and brutally done if the situation is right and invokes the right norms and schemas.
ASCH Experiments: participant gotta choose which lines are same, with actors saying obviously wrong answer
Robber's Cave Experiment boys in summer camps placed in 2 groups, acted antagonistically
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