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Crude Oil
& Fuels (Cracking (Alkenes (C-C double covalent bonds…
Crude Oil
& Fuels
Oil
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Most common are:
Hydrocarbons - :star:
Only contain H, C atoms
Alkanes:
Saturated HC fomula
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C atoms can form chains, rings
form families of similar compounds
Form skeletons of organic mole
Organic compounds:
fuel cars, warm homes generate electricity
Fuels: Important
Keep warmth & movement
Oil price rise affects everyone
Country Producers can affect
world economy by price change
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Crude oil
Finite, In rocks
Formed over M of yrs
Remains of sea animals, plants
(Mainly plankton buried in mud)
Layer of rocks = hi temp & Psi, no O
Dark smelly liquid, mixture
(+2 compounds, no chem. bonds)
Useless straight from ground
Too many substances, diff. boil points
Separate to diff. substance similar boil
aka Fractions
properties don't change mixed
Fractional distillation
Separates liquids w/ diff, boil points
Alkanes
Most HC (hydrocarbons) in crude oil:
Alkanes - prefix says No. of C in mole
Alkanes are saturated HCs
C-C bonds = single covalent bonds
As many H as possible in each mole
1C = meth- ; 6C = Hex-
2C = eth-;. . .7C = Hept-
3C = prop-; . 8C = Oct-
4C = but-;. .. 9C = Non-
5C = pent-; 10C = Dec-
Fractional Distillation
Crude oil separated into fractions
(similar boiling points)
Properties from Size of HCs in it
(similar numbers of C)
Diff size = Diff boiling points
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Flammability (Decrease)
how easily it burns
Boiling Point (Increase)
Temp which it boils/condenses
Volatility (Decrease)
Tendency to turn into gas
Viscosity (Increase)
How easily it flows
Process
Heated in furnace evaporates into vapour
Enters Fractionating Column as vapour
Temp. Grad. in F.column bottom hot, top cold
V.long HC condense bottom - black sticky (tar, flat roofs)
Long HCs rise condense lo-er, hi-er temp of FC (hi boil)
Short HCs rise condense near the top of FC (lo boil)
V.Short chain HCs don't condense stay as refinery gas
Complete
Combustion
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Propane gas cylinders (orange)
Mobile heaters, Gas cookers w/o mains
Propane - petroleum gas (top)
Propane + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water
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C, H oxidised in Complete Combustion
Blue cobalt paper turns pink
White anhydrous copper sulphate turns blue
Colourless lime water turns cloudy
Incomplete
Combustion
W/o enough O (E.g. in an engine)
Carbon monoxide, soot formed
(instead of carbon dioxide)
Carbon monoxide - toxic gas
Colourless, Odourless
Red blood cells pick instead of O
Carry better than oxygen
Propane + Oxygen = Carbon Monoxide + Water
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Ethane + Oxygen = Carbon (soot) + Water
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Cracking
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Produces saturated HC (fuel use), unsaturated HC (Alkenes)
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Alkenes
C-C double covalent bonds (methene can't exist)
orange bromine water turns colourless
Burn in air (not as well as alkanes fuel)
E.g. (ethene, propene, hexene)
Decane =(w/ 500°C catalyst)= Pentane + Propene + Ethene
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Combustion
Equations
Mass = no. of moles x Relative mass
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5.000 kg Butane + Oxygen = + Carbon dioxide + Water
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Max Mass of Carbon dioxide = . . . . . . . . . . kg
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