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THE EARLY MODERN AGES early modern age (Economy discovery america…

- - - - main source of economy:
        
        societies vulnerable
        
        years bad crops =>
        
        hunger and disease reappeared
  - - - excess producted =>
        
        sold at markets
    - - established trade routes connect paces at:
        
        land
        
        sea
  - - - controlled by guilds
    - - domestic system =>
        
        products made at people's homes
      - merchants provided to the families:
        
        tools
        
        raw materials
  - - - spieces
      - metals
      - food
  - - - changing money and looking after it
        
        new forms of payment:
        
        bill of exchange:
        
        document guaranteed payment
        
        of the bankers
        
        place
        
        date
        
        quantity of money
        
        providing loans:
        
        merchants needed =>
        
        to began commercial activities
        
        traders made large profits =>
        
        could pay the loands ->
        
        bankers were rich
- - - - more taxes:
        
        monarchs + resources
        
        more power
        
        consolidate their authority,
        
        control nobility
        
        administrate the kingdom's resources
        
        maintain position of power:
        
        powerful armies
        
        bureaucracy composed of:
        
        officials
        under their control
        
        new institutions
        
        court:
        
        permanent seat for institutions to function
    - - authoritarian monarchy
        
        which nobility had to obey
    - - Portuguese
        
        pioneers searching trade routes
      - French, English and Russian
      - Spanish
        
        union of the kingdoms of
        Castilla and Aragón)
  - - - Holy roman empire
        
        multiple kingdoms and independent territories
        
        in centre Europe:
        
        Flanders
        
        Saxony
        
        Burgundy
        
        Switzerland
        
        Austria
        
        Bohemia
      - Italy divided into
        
        small principalities and republics:
        
        Florence
        
        Papal States
        
        Venice
        
        Naples
    - - Ottoman empire
        
        expanded in 15th century
        
        Mehmed II took control of:
        
        Constantinople
        
        Balkan Peninsula
      - Russian monarchy
        
        expanded territories
        
        in 15th and 16th centuries conquests of:
        
        Ivan IV
        
        Ivan III
        
        russian monarchs =>
        
        tsar
        
        emperor
    - - Portugal
        
        independent until end 16th century
        
        part spanish monarchy
      - French monarchy
        
        gained power after ->
        
        Hundred Year's War (1337-1453)
      - spanish monarchy =>
        
        marriage Catholic Monarchs
      - English monarchy
        
        consolidated after
        
        The Wars of the Roses (1455-1487)
        
        16th century Tudor dynasty came to power
        
        Henry VIII confronted the Pope
        
        Elizabeth I defeated Spanish king Felipe II
        
        maintaining the independence
- - - - emerged in Italy and spread Europe:
        
        Optimism and creativity:
        
        sins replaced by
        
        belief better life
        
        creativity =>
        
        better techniques
        
        1 more item...
        
        Desire knowledge:
        
        learning about everything
        
        be Renaissance Man
        
        Anthropocentrism:
        
        human centre of:
        
        philosophical reflection
        
        continued Christians
        
        abandoned teocentrism
        
        artistic creation
        
        critical thinking:
        
        research
        
        experimentation
        
        reason
        
        interest in classical culture
        
        greek and roman
        
        use of vernacular languages:
        
        first books in latin
        
        humanists started writting in their languages
        
        people had access to:
        
        culture
        
        knowledge
  - - - Copernicus proposed:
        
        the heliocentric
        hypothesis
        
        Earth revolved around Sun
        
        spread rapidly:
        
        invention printing press (Gutenberg)
        
        many books printed
        
        1 more item...
        
        creation cultural institutions:
        
        science and arts academies in
        
        3 more items...
  - - - printing press
- - - - wealthier than nobles
        
        nobles get married with them
        
        bourgeoisie demanded privileges
    - - unpriviledge class (commoners)
        
        bourgeoisie:
        
        citizens, not ruled by lords
        
        increased, wealthier and gained political influence
        
        lower:
        
        artisans, artists, servants...
        
        1 more item...
        
        upper:
        
        merchants, bankers and
        officials
        
        1 more item...
        
        peasants:
        
        largest group:
        
        serfs of lords or nobles
    - - depending interests
        
        bourgeoisie gained rights
        
        but not the same as nobility
        
        until end of the period
- - - - revival classical culture
      - anthropocentrism
      - optimism
        and creativity
      - critical
        thinking
      - desire for
        knowledge