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Aggression (Psychological (Media Influences (Krahe (2012) (Altered…

- - - - Strong source / high social status
      - Weaker target = target substitution
      - Indirect response = response substitution
    - - Frustration = Readiness to aggress/Stimulus to aggression
      - Dominant response tendency
  - - - State of emotional aroual
        
        Aggressive cues
        
        Aggressive associations
        
        Draw attention to likelihood of aggressive response
    - - Berkowitz & LePage (1963)
      - Only in angered participants
      - Number of shocks in retaliation
      - Carlson (1990)
    - - Weapon word primes priming of aggressive words
    - - Aggression cues serve as cognitive primes
      - Exposure to aggressive cues can facilitate access to aggressive related schemata
        
        Independent of preceding aggression
  - - - Show other ways to act aggressively
      - Give out the impression that aggression is acceptable
      - If reinforced
    - - Bobo dolls
  - - - Long and short term
    - - Correlational study in boys age 8-age 30
      - TV violence and aggression age 8 linked to aggression age 18 and age 30
    - - Short term: noise blast after violent video, only in those with high aggressiveness
    - - Instigation of arousal
      - Priming
      - Social Learning
      - Weakened restraints
      - Desensitisation to victims suffering
      - Altered worldview
        
        Normative acceptance
        
        Hostile attribution bias
    - - Efficacy
      - Nomartiveness
      - Pertinence
      - Susceptibility
- - - - Balanced Placebo
      - Psychological
        
        alcohol and placebo belief = placebo
      - Pharmaceutical
        
        Alcohol > placebo
  - - - Anderson (2001)
  - - - Crowded living environments
      - Prison environments
      - Violation of personal space
  - - - Noise increased aggression if seen violent but not non-violent film
- - - - Continuous aggressive energy
      - External cue
      - Threshold = spontaneous
      - Problems
        
        Serial acts
        
        Catharsis can be counterproductive
  - - - Genes: 41%
      - Environment: 59%
    - - MAOA x maltreatment
      - Caspi (2002)
  - - - Positively related
        
        Archer (1998)
    - - Negatively related
        
        Shoal (2003)
    - - Menta & Prasad (2015)
    - - Negatively related
        
        Berman (2009)
- - - - Taylor Aggression paradigm
      - Hot sauce
      - RT to aggressive words
    - - Self report
      - Peer nominations
      - Archival records
- - - - Men outnumber women in violent crime by a factor of 8
    - - More verbal and physical aggression in men than women and only for physical
    - - Men more unprovoked but no difference in provoked