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BMS1021 - Lectures 12 to 16 'Each of the four tissues is…

- - - - Basal lamina base surface of epithelium layer
        
        Normal epithelium cells never cross the basal lamina - cancer cells do
        
        Also known as basement membrane
      - Apical surface this surface faces the lumen or outside of the organ and usually has specialised projections
        
        Cilia
        
        Stereocilia
        
        Microvilli
      - Lateral surface between cells
- - - - muscle fibre (cell)
        
        muscle fascicle
        (collection of cells)
        
        skeletal muscle
        
        surrounded by epimysium
        
        cytoplasm = sacroplasm
        
        ER organelle = sarcoplasmic
        
        plasma membrane = sarcolemma
        
        surrounded by perimysium of connective tissue
        
        multiple peripheral nuclei
        
        SARCOMERE
        striations ( I light - thin actin and A dark bands myosin in a repeating structure throughout the myofibril)
        Z bands where actin inserts
        
        transverse tubules
      - surrounded by endomysium connective tissue
        includes neurovascular supply
    - - hypertrophy
        involves an increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells
      - hyperplasis
        the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells
- - - - Oligodendrocyte can warp around several parts of multiple axons
    - - secrete fatty covering that can myelinate an axon and increase the speed of signal transduction
        in the PNS one schwann cell can wrap around only one portion of one axon
- - - - Fibres; provides strength against stretch
        
        Elastic; make elastic tissue
        
        Dermis of skin
        
        Lung
        
        Blood vessels
        
        Reticular; join connective tissue to adjacent tissue
        found in highly cellular tissues
        TYPE III collagen
        
        Bone marrow
        
        Glands
        
        Liver
        
        Collagen; provides strength and flexibility but INELASTIC so it can be straightened but not stretched these examples are where collagen is the primary fibre
        
        E.G.Skin, glands, large blood vessels (type III)
        
        E.G. Bone (type I)
        organic and inorganic matter makes up the extracellular matrix
        :red_flag: the volume of ground substance in bone is very small and the space is taken up by inorganic elements
        
        Compact
        highly organised into osteons which are several layers of collagen fibres
        
        Ostecytes
        
        Spongy; trabecular
        close proximity to bone marrow and not arranged in osteons
        
        Osteblasts
        
        Osteoclasts
        
        E.G. Tendons; muscle to bone (less ground substance) and ligaments *bone to bone* (more ground substance) (type I)
        
        E.G. Cartilage (type II)
        
        Resistant to crushing or stretching
        
        Types
        
        Elastic
        
        external ear
        
        Fibrocartilage
        
        tensile strength and resistance to compression
        
        inter vertebral discs
        
        link between tendons and bone
        
        menisci of knee joint
        
        Hyaline
        this tissue is composed of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix
        
        most common
        
        glass like
        
        articular surfaces of joints
        
        C-shaped rings in the trachea
        
        No nerves, lymph, blood vessels :!:
        
        E.G. Capsules
      - Ground substance; passage and exchange of molecules and metabolites, lubricant, barrier to envaders
        
        Glycoproteins
        
        Glycosaminoglycans
        
        Proteoglycans (proteins) attract and retain water
        
        Water, electrolytes, hormones, gases
    - - Fibroblast are always present; create collagen
      - Macrophages; engulf foreign particles and cell debris
      - Adipocytes (fat)
      - Chondrocyte and chondroblasts (found in cartilage)
      - Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts (found in bone)
  - - - Blood and bone marrow
        doesn't really have any fibres