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Social Thinking and Behavior (Ch. 14) (Social Thinking (Impressions…
Social Thinking and
Behavior (Ch. 14)
Social Psychology
how individual's behavior
influence by
presence of others
focus on
Situational variables
Social context
Real, implied or imagined
Social Thinking
Social Cognition
Def
.:
how we
Make Sense
of
own/other
's
Behavior
social side of
mental processes
Social thinking is
Motivated
3
major
needs
to belong
Acceptance
in a
group
have
Control
Self-Enhancement
Impressions
Forming
impressions
very
Quick
study:
Exposure Time
doesn't change much
our judgment of faces
Recency
effect
more importance to
Recent
information
Primacy
effect
more importance to
Initial information
difficult
to
Remove
tendency to be
more Alert
to
initial
information
Shape
how we perceive
Subsequent information
Confirmation bias
Mantaining
impressions
see
what we
Expect
to see
Expectations prime/activate:
Schemas
Mental Sets
increase Cognitive
Accessibility
we find what
we were looking for
(confirmation bias)
Ex.
Stereotype
Shared Belief
about
personal attributes
of a
Group/Category of ppl
Creating
what we
Expect
to see
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Starting w
Erroneous Expectations
Act in a way to
Cause
the
Expected Behaviors
Self-Concept
Sources
of
Self-Knowledge
Self-Schema
Beliefs
about
Oneself
based on past memory
Schematic
aspects
Relevant
for one's own
Self-Schema
Ex.
Being smart
Aschematic
Ex.
Being good
at ping pong
3
major
sources
self-Observation
social Comparison
what
Others think
of us
looking-glass self
tendency to incorporate other's
view into our self-concept
Forms
of
Identuty
Self-Discrepanc
y theory
Selves:
Ideal
: should ideally be
Actual
Ought
: at least ought not to be
Social Categorization
Classifying individuals
in terms of:
In-groups
the individual is a member of
Out-groups
not a member of
Social identity
Personal identity
partially based on
group
we
belong
/don't belong to
Evaluating
the
Self
Self-Esteem
sense of
Self-Worth
how much value/
like oneself
Self-Enhancement
Seek
out
Positive
information
Avoid Negative
information
Sociometer
measure
of
Success/Acceptance
by
important others
Attribution
judgment 'bt
Causes
of
own/other's Behavior
Personal/Situational
Personal
:
Cause of behavior
poperties of the Individual
Situational
:
properties of the
Situation
Covariation Model
decide if Personal/Situational
based on
Conditions
present
during
the
Behavior
3 types of
covariation information:
Consistency
how consistent is the
Behavior over time?
Distinctiveness
how distinctive/typical
is that Behavior for that person?
Consensus
how do other people behave
in the same situation?
Combinations:
All high
1 more item...
Consistency high
Distinctiveness
&
Concensus low
1 more item...
Attributional Biases
Explaining Other's
Behaviors
Fundamental Attribution Error
Overestimate influence of Individual
not inevitable
time to reflect
motivate to judge carefully
Underestimate influence of Situation
Not Universal
but Culturally determined
Study: with age, increasingly:
indians: make Situational attributions
Americans: make Personal attibutions
Explaining one's own
Behavior
Self-serving bias
tendency to attribute
Success to Personal factors
Failure to Situational factors
at Groups level
Ultimate Attribution error
with In-Groups
Attibute:
Success to Group
Failure to Situation
with Out-Groups
Attribute:
Success to Situation
Failure to Group
Attitudes &
attitude Change
Attitudes
Def.: Evaluative Reactions
can Predict Behavior if:
Situation doesn't
contradict our attitudes
Subjective Norms
our perception of what others
think we should do
we Aware of attitudes &
are Strongly Held
Consciously think bt them
Reminded bt them
3.
General attitudes predict General Behaviors
Specific att. predict Specific Bhvrs
Behavior influence Attitudes?
Cognitive Dissonance
Psychological Tension bc
Inconsistency btw Cognitions
reduce Dissonance
Change one of Attitudes
Add New attitude
Counter-Attitudinal behavior
produces
Dissonance only if
2 more items...
Persuasion
Audience
2 routes
to Persuasion:
Central
route
ppl
Think carefully
,
influence by
Arguments
when:
are
able
to
Understand
the
Arguments
topic Relevant
to them
Peripheral
route
look at
Other Factors
When:
Not
have
Knowledge
to Understand
Ex.:
Physical Attractiveness
Lenght of Message
Communicator
must be
Credible
Expertise
Trustworthyness
Message
presenting
Both Sides
most effective
Fear
arousal
best if
Moderate
