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Human growth and development (Genetic inheritance that affect development,…
Human growth and development
Nature and Nurture
Nature
: genetic inheritance and other biological factors
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Bowlby's theory of attachment
is a biological perspective thats explains the bond between mother and child
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Gesell's maturation theory
- Arnold Gesell developed new methodology in researching child's development which involves finding skills and abilities. 'NORMS' for each developmental aspect. child moves insequence at own pace. Environment has a little influence . If a child delays development it is inherited rather than environment. However it is important to consider individual differences and circumstances such as enviroment they are in
Nurture
:
the influence of external factors after conception such as social and environmental factors
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Bandura's social learning theory
Based on observations of learning occurring through observing behaviour of others
Children copy both good and bad behaviour (FOUR STAGES)
e.g Child notices behaviour, Child remembers observation, Then it occurs at the right moment, Finally based on the outcome of positive or negative reinforcement
children either repeat or not
Positive reinforcement
- the behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction or rewards
Negative reinforcement
- behaviour is not repeated to avoid to avoid an adverse experience such of lack of satisfaction or 'being told off'
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Stress-diathesis model
psychological theory that helps explain how stress caused by life events can interact with genetic vulnerability
some individuals are born with certain biological or genetic predispositions to a mental illness (diathesis)
They may not develop the disorder till they experience stress in their life e.g family conflict, abuse, trauma or school can TRIGGER
Certain biological characteristics determine genetic inheritance
(Still a debate whether behavioural tendencies and mental abilities whether it is genetic or influenced by environment)
Maturation
-
a genetically programmed sequence of change, e.g menopause
Biological clock' that determines when and what rate physical development will progress
Genetic inheritance that affect development
inherited genes that determine physical growth, development, health and apperance
Cystic fibrosis
: Faulty genes and both parents inherited. Results in defective protein being produced. They have a short life expectancy.
(lungs can be clogged with thick mucus, absorbing nourishment from food, respiratory or chest infections)
Brittle bone disease
: maybe inherited from parents but can develop from genetic mutation. High risk of fracturing or breaking bones as they develop without the right protein. Helped through physiotherapy and drug treatments
Huntington's disease
: develop at any age. Inherited genetic disorder that causes damage to certain nerve cells in the brain. (
Affects muscle coordination and cause mental decline in behavioural changes
) Symptoms vary between individuals however is noticed from mood swings and movement
Downs syndrome
:
genetic condition
that occurs as a result of extra chromosome. Causes varying levels of learning disability. Physical features are different. 750 babies in UK have it. NOT inherited (genetic mistake in sperm) Life expectancy is 50-60
NHS Scotland(2004) experience higher incidence of depression
Colour blindness
: individual has no colour perception and effects 4.5% of population.Majority it is genetic however can be the result of other diseases. Important to be identified as children!
Cancer
- over 200 types. Cell disease that results in them becoming abnormal and dividing (abnormal cell). Most are attributed from environmental factors (
lung cancer and skin cancer
) Some people are at risk of inherited faulty genes;
breast, bowl, kidney
Susceptibility- an increased likelihood of acquiring a disease because of an individual's genetic make-up
Diabetes
- Type 1 is most likely genetic (if both parents have it) whereas Type 2 can be a small result of environmental
Biological factors that affect development
Foetal alcohol syndrome
: drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Children have developmental and physical defects which have life long effects
(poor brain developmen
t)
Maternal infections during pregnancy
: if a pregnant woman is exposed to infections the foetus maybe affected. (Rubella-if mother is infected her baby maybe born with impaired hearing or eyesight)
Lifestyle/diet during pregnancy
:Biological life starts at contraception. Babies are affected by what mothers eat (
e.g eating sugar can result in blood pressure, giving the baby heart disease)