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Attachment Theory (Historical Context (Charles Darwin - evolution theory,…

- - - - Biological level: Inate powerful human drive to seek relationships
      - Behavioural level: How/why we behave in relationships as we do.
      - Emotional level: Why it feels as it does, to be in a relationship
      - Cognitive level: The source of our models and predictions of relationships
- - - - Exposed to multiple risk factors: poverty, disruption and deprivation;
      - ‘Assortative mating’ – social proximity
      - Children modelling their own behaviour based on their parents behaviour
      - Genetic predisposition
      - Exacerbated by environmental influences, such as poor parental supervision, large family size, harsh and inconsistent discipline
      - Closer monitoring of 'Criminal' families may mean they are more subject to any official bias.
      - Labelling
- - - - Toxic stress derails healthy brain development
    - - Changes in neurobiology
      - Physical health problems and early death.
    - - Cognitive impairment
        
        Lack of conscience and empathy
        
        Poor abilities to relate cause and effect
        
        Poor ability to regulate or express emotions
      - Psychological effects most severe if the trauma is:
        
        Human caused
        
        Repeated
        
        Unpredictable
        
        Multifaceted
        
        Sadistic
        
        Undergone in childhood
        
        Perpetrated by a caregiver
      - Impact on world view:
        
        The world is an unsafe place to live in;
        
        • Other people are unsafe and cannot be trusted;
        
        • My own thoughts and feelings are unsafe;
        
        • I expect crisis, danger and loss;
        
        • I have no self-worth and no abilities
    - - Social and emotional impairment
        
        (4+ ACEs) 14x more likely to have been victim of violence
        
        (4+ ACEs) 6x more likely to have had sex under age of 16
      - Behavioural problems
        
        (4+ ACEs) 20x more likely to serve custodial sentences
        
        Adoption of health-risk behaviours as coping mechanisms
        
        (4+ ACEs) 16x more likely to have used crack cocaine/heroin
        
        (4+ ACEs) 15x more likely to have used violence against another person in past 12 months
      - Impact on coping strategies.
        
        External:
        
        – Anger
        
        – Violence towards others
        
        – Truancy
        
        – Criminal acts
        
        Internal:
        
        – Denial, repression
        
        – Substance use
        
        – Eating Disorders
        
        – Violence to self
        
        – Dissociation