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Individual Differences Aggression (An act which has the intent to harm…
Individual Differences
Aggression
An act which has the intent to harm outside the rules of the sporting event
Causes
Cues/Stimulus - Cues from the environment that result in aggression due to previous learning and S-R bonds
Role Models - Copying significant others who are aggressive
Innate - No cause it is natural and spontaneous as a protective behaviour
Sporting Norms - The norms of the sport
Frustration - High arousal caused by the blocking of important goals and a need for catharsis
Group Cultures - Tribal or group cultures where aggression needs to be displayed in order to be accepted
External Pressure - Pressure from others
Retaliation - retaliation or revenge for an aggressive act of an opponant
Alcohol/Drugs - Lower inhibitions
Instinct Theory
Weaknesses - Not all people are aggressive, Aggression is shown at different times depending on the person
A natural, innate, stable and enduring response. It is a protective and survival type of response. It is linked with high levels of arousal and stress based triggers that cause anger. Often a retaliation behaviour
Social Learning Theory
Weaknesses - We do not always copy behaviour that is modelled. Some people have a strong sense of independence. Innate feelings can also lead to aggression
Observing aggressive behaviour means that you are more likely to copy the behaviour. Learnt from significant others and reinforcement helps learning. Same sexes more likely to copy each other.
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
A goal may be blocked leading to feelings of frustration which turns into aggression. If aggression leads to a successful outcome it results in catharsis so is more likely to be done again.
Weaknesses - Not all performers behave aggressively. Does not account for changing environment. Aggression is often unsatisfying
Aggressive Cue Hypothesis
Eliminating Aggression
Weaknesses - Same cue can elicit different responses by different people. We all have the ability to control our aggression
Stimuli from the environment can trigger situational aggression. It is based off of past experiences and links to operant conditioning and a learnt response. Praise and Reinforcement
Somatic relaxation - deep breaths, progressive muscular relaxation
Imagery and mental rehearsal
Selective attention - to block out stimuli that cause aggression
Lower cognitive arousal levels
Use of SMART targets
Punishment of aggressive behaviour
Positive Reinforcement on non aggressive behaviour
Using positive role models