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Chapter 12: What are the major approaches used for quantitative research?
Chapter 12: What are the major approaches used for quantitative research?
Experiment - strongest method
is
when the researcher tries to observe phenomena in controlled situations where one or more variables are varied and others are kept constant.
conducted in
Laboratory experiment
is
study conducted in controlled environment. One or more variables are manipulated and almost all extraneous variables are controlled
independent variable manipulations
Type technique - varying the type of condition for different groups.
Amount technique - giving various amounts to different groups.
Presence or absence technique - presenting one group treatment & withholding it from another.
Internet experiment
is
study conducted over the internet
Field experiment
is
experimental study conducted in real-life setting
Confounding variables controlled
Matching
is
equating comparison groups on one or more variables that are correlated with the dependent variable.
Individual matching
Group matching
Holding the extraneous variable constant
is
when it is limited to a single value or type
Random assignment
is
assignment based on chance & helps maximize groups equality on extraneous variables.
Building the extraneous variable into the research design
occurs when the extraneous variable becomes another independent variable
Analysis of covariance
is
control method used to statistically equate groups due to differences in pretest. ANCOVA
Counterbalancing
is
when all experimental conditions are administered to all participants in different orders
used to control
sequencing effects like
order effect (due to order in which treatment conditions are administered
carryover effect (performance in one treatment condition is influenced by participation in a prior treatment condition
Experimental research designs
are
Strong experimental designs
do
control for confounding extraneous variables
are
Pretest-posttest control-group design
Posttest-only control-group design
Factorial design
Repeated-Measures Design
is
when all participants take part in all experimental conditions
Weak experimental designs
do not
control for potentially confounding extraneous variables
are
One-group pretest-posttest design
Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups
One-group posttest-only design
Factorial Design
Factorial design based on a mixed model
is
when different participants are randomly assigned to different levels of one independent variable and all participants take all levels of another independent variable