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CHAPTER 20 World War II & The Cold War (The Desecent Towards War:…
CHAPTER 20
World War II & The Cold War
Key Topics:
Fascism & Communism
Rise of Dictators
WWII
Origins of the Cold War
Key People & Terms:
Key People
Benito Mussolini-
Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.
Adolf Hitler-
Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich . His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf, attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent
Fuhrer-
a ruthless, tyrannical leader
Pablo Picasso-
prolific and influential Spanish artist who lived in France
Josip Broz (Tito)-
Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war
Enola Gay-
Superfortress bomber, named for Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line
Robert Oppenheimer-
an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley
Mohandas Gandhi-
an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule
Key Terms
Fascism-
A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.
Nazi-
An extreme form of fascism shaped by Hitler's fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority
Mein Kampf-
"My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany
Zaibatsu-
Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.
Spanish Civil War-
civil war in Spain in which Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government; during the war Spain became a battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries
Blitzkrieg-
a swift and violent military offensive with intensive aerial bombardment
Maginot Line-
a fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border; initially considered to be impregnable, it was easily overrun by the German army
Luftwaffe-
the German air force
Scorched-earth-
the target company defends itself by selling off its crown jewels
D-Day-
date of the Allied landing in France, World War II
Manhattan Project-
code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II
The Holocaust-
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Hiroshima & Nagasaki-
The cities in which America's atomic bombs were dropped on
Berlin Blockade-
The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.
The Marshall Plan-
a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952); named after George Marshall
Portents of Disaster
People thought society would crumble (WWII)
Treaties signed at the end of WWI lead to financial disarray for losing parties
The Contest of the "Isms": Fascism and Communism:
Desperate times allowed for fascism and communism to arise
Italy
Mussolini organized men and formed the fascist party in Italy
Mussolini took over government and eventually withdrew Italy from league of nations
Germany
Mussolini was Adolf's role model and inspired his idea of his Master Race
Hitler felt more at home in Munich and created the Nazi party
Wiemar Republic overtook the German Monarchy
Hitler attempted revolts during hard times but failed
Germany's economic depression led to Hitler's uprising
Once elected, he changes the government to become more totalitarian
People followed him out of fear and respect
Hitler started to rebuild military which broke Paris peace Accords
Mussolini's Italy & Hitler's Germany were very similar
Japan
Japan was able to use Western technology to help improve their society
Japan has a dual economy in which both large and small businesses were thriving
Japan was able to develop industries without much competition from other nations
Poor harvest lead riots and outrage
Japan became one of the Five Great Powers
Riots also made japan get increase support form its colonies
Japan beat European countries for the first time ever
The Mitsubishi bank helped to finance most of Japan
The Meiji Revolution revitalized Japan
The economy had a large pull within government
Japan became to establish itself as a liberal democracy
Many elites began to claim powers for the armed forces
The Desecent Towards War:
Russia signed a non aggression pact with Germany over Czechoslovakia
Germany took over Poland and incorporated it into its territory
Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia and Italy took over Albania
The Early Cost of War Technology
Military expenses took up between 25%-70% of budget for axis powers
War preparations were going on for at least a decade before the war
Hitler expanded Germany's military and let it become rearmed
Japan invaded China and started the Pacific War
A Civil war broke out in Spain and armed nationalism arose as the League was pretty useless
Italy invaded Ethiopia and had no consequences
War became to be on the horizon again with Japan becoming hostile
The Great Depression made most of the countries poor except the USSR, Italy, Germany, and Japan
Individual nations themselves took steps to organize peace
The League of Nations was founded in 1920 but was unable to enforce peace between nations
World War II:
The War in Europe
Germany attacked Russia in an event similar to the US's Pearl Harbor
North Africa was also a battleground during the war
Germany bombed London and other cities and left 20,000 dead in London alone but hey still kept fighting
Hitler reorganized Russia campaign and took over Russia's western possesions
Germany invaded Denmark , Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and France. They were unstoppable
President Roosevelt supported the Allies but didn't join the War until we were attacked
War in the Pacific
Chinese use the scorched-earth strategy and helped wear out Japan
Japan signed pact with Germany and Italy forming the Axis Powers
One clash between China and Russia led to a war in between the nations
Isolation kept America out of the war until Pearl Harbor and joined
Japan's treatment of those conquered were terrible to say the least
Turning the Tide
Allies counteroffensive begins and the United Nations was also beginning around this time
UK & US drove of U-boats and recaptured North Africa
Underground resistance formed both for and against allies but were
usually
insignificant
Yugoslavia helped fight off axis powers
US & UK began to bomb Germany
Allies invaded Sicily and Italy joined the Allies & entered Germany later on
New methods of destruction were used and on May 7th, 1945 Germany surrendered
War in Asia and the Pacific
America won their first battle and Midway Island
Fire bombings of Japan intensified as the US dropped two atomic bombs
Japan was in ruins and surrendered
Assessing the Results of the War
Japans victories helped to end European colonialism
The war was called a total war due to the amount of nations and economies involved in it
Technology in the War
WWII used more tanks, submarines, and air crafts than in prior outings
Tanks were also used as vital offence and defence
Women and the War
The use or lack there of of women during the war was depending on different cultures
As troops returned, women were forced back into the home
Women began to work in factories and the job stereotypes eroded during the war
Feminism began to arose
Horrors of the War
Nazism heightened anti-antisemitism
Millions of Jews were brought to concentration camps and were killed
The term genocide was coined due to Germany's actions
The Manhattan Project created an Atomic Bomb which created a new way to destroy lives
Some believe the Atomic bomb was created to scare the USSR
Radar, nuclear energy, drugs (penicillin) helped civilians after the war
The Image of Humanity:
Pablo Picasso and abstract art became popular
Many were in despair after the war was over due to the violence and death
Sigmund Freud made furtherments in understanding sexuality
Literature began to show the horrors of the war (ex. Night by Elie Wiesel)
Some thought that humanity's fighting would cause its downfall
Many Japanese were in disrepair after the war and has tried to instate international peace
The western world saw Democracy as progressive and life was improving
The United Nations, Postwar Recovery, and the Origins of the Cold War
The United Nations was created in response to WWII
The United Nations
The UN has increased in significance over the years and is more useful than the League of Nations
Resettlement
100 million soldiers served and 15 million never came back home
Many nations exiled others and immigration commonly occurred
Many people returned home and the Jewish survivors created a new homeland in Palestine
5.5 million Japanese soldiers returned home excluding those killed by Chinese revenge
The American soldiers came home and caused a baby boom
Political Reconstruction in Japan and Germany
Japan sign an unconditional surrender to the US after the bombings & Germany was divided
Japan
The Zaibatsu was replaced with the Keiretsu which helped create new companies
Labor Unions were formed and then laws were passed to restrict them
Japan sold spare land to farmers to help slowly grow back the economy
The Occupation restricted the educational system
A new constitution was made which included women's suffrage
The US militarily protected Japan
While Japan was occupied, they still kept their Emperor which helped ease the occupation
Japan became a principal supplier of goods to the US
Japan became a US ally against the USSR during the Cold War
Japan became more efficient at creating goods and made money
Germany
Russia wanted reparations from Germany but the Western Allies denied
Prosperity returned to the region
Germany was destroyed and people were forced back to their homeland
Economic Reconstruction and the Cold War
All nations were able to be assisted in recovery but it was very fragile
Communism began to spread and effected national elections
Finances were in a wreck and were comparable to Dunkirk
The Marshall Plan accelerated Europe's recovery
The US wanted to contain the USSR to prevent spread of Communism
Both sides were afraid of what could happen if they went to War so nothing happened but tensions were high
Russia had a wall of defensive states and the US had NATO
The war led to a polarization and massive arms race within the world
Entering the Second Half of the 20th Century: What Difference Does it Make?
The Cold War and WWII brought horror and devastation to many people
People were looking ahead at freedom
The United Nations offered a way countries can settle disputes peacefully