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EQ2: Why do human rights vary from place to place? (Universal Declaration…

- - - - Emerging economies which cause most concern as many multinational companies and investors now have considerable interests centred there and strong economic growth is not being translated into improving human rights, posing a range of legal reputational operational and strategic challenges for business.
      - e.g. China
        
        Freedom of speech; press religion; filtered media
        
        Minority rights
        
        Judicial independance
        
        Trafficking and forced labour.
        
        Violation of labour rights
  - - - Cultivates ties to xenophobic political parties across Europe
      - Carried out disinformation campaign before election in countries including the US, France and Germany
      - Threatened or invaded its closes neighbours, and served as an alternative source of military aid for Middle Eastern dictatorships
      - Its chief goal is to disrupt democratic states and fracture the institutions- such as European union- that bind them together
    - - Built up a propaganda and censorship apparatus with global reach.
      - Used economic and other ties to influence democracies like Australia and New Zealand.
      - Compelled various countries to repatriate Chinese citizens seeking refuge abroad.
      - Provided diplomatic and material support to repressive governments fro Southeast Asia to Africa.
  - - - It incorporates into British Law the rights set out in the ECHR. As a result, if a person's human rights are breached in the UK, they can seek help in British court,
      - It required all public and other bodies carrying public functions to respect and protect human rightd
      - Parliament tries to ensure that any new laws it passes are compatible with the ECHR, and that British Court will then interpret those laws in ways that are also compatible with the ECHR.
  - - - Articles include:
        
        a right to life
        
        the prohibition of slavery and torture
        
        the right to a fair trial
        
        freedom of expression
  - - - The Soviet Union
        
        because it considered that the Declaration did not condemn Fascism and Nazism sufficiently
        
        Fascism is a form of government which is a type of one-party dictatorship.
      - South Africa
        
        to protect its system of apartheid because that contravened almost all aspects of the Declaration
      - Saudi Arabia
        
        because of the article that everyone has the right 'to charge their region or belief' and the fact that women's rights are a controversial issue in Saudi Arabia
  - - - The International Covenant on Civil Rights
      - The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
- - - - it ensured that the Council adopted a resolution on the Yemen, in order to gather evidence about human rights violations and abuses there.
    - - It sponsored a resolution to focus on serious Syrian human rights abuses
    - - It drew attention to human right abuses in Cambodia, by expression concerns about a lack of rights involving freedom of opinion and expression, and peaceful assembly and freedom of association, as well as condemning the escalation of political tensions there.
    - - It supported a resolution to investigate alleged violation and abuses of human rights in the country
  - - - Economy has grown rapidly and now has one of the world's highest GDPs per capita.
        
        It also receives a high level of FDI, because its widely regarded as one of the most neo-liberal, competitive buisness friendly economies of the world.
        
        Economic success has come at a cost for human rights
        
        Its government limits political and civil rights - such as freedom of expression, and peaceful assembly and association - through laws that focus on public order, morality and racial and religious harmony.
        
        The pressure group Human Rights Watch has expressed concerns about Singapore, in relation to its limited press and media freedoms, together with the widespread exploitation of migrant workers, and also human trafficking.
        
        Still employs the death penalty and has one of the world's highest execution rates per capita.
        
        It also enforces corporal punishment, with canning used for many offences
  - - - Senior Chinese Leaders reject the universality of 'human rights' - regarding them as Western Ideas and a threat to their power.
  - - - Since it has become the world's largest democracy
        
        Its constitutions date from 1950 and consist of 444 articles, which include:
        
        Freedom of speech
        
        Religion
        
        India has a federal system of government and it has a ceremonial President as head of government
        
        The real power lies in the hands of the Lok Sabha (Lower House of Parliament), whose members decide who will be the country's prime minister.
- - - - ATSI people have Australia's highest levels of drug and alcohol abuse, as well as homelessness
      - ATSI people are seeing their traditional lifestyles disappearing, with the result that traditional customs, knowledge and beliefs will vanish without come real action being taken to preserve them
      - ATSI people have ab average life expectancy which is 10 years shorter than that of non-indigenous Australians (70 years instead of 80 years)
    - - Preventing racial discrimination through the Racial Discrimination Act, which makes racial hatred an offence in Australia and protects indigenous people against discrimination in:
        
        education
        
        accomodation
        
        employment
        
        getting and using services
        
        accessing public spaces
      - Social Justice by recognising the distinctive rights of indigenous Australians, such as the right to:
        
        self-determination, where indigenous communities take control of their futures and decide how to address issues facing them
        
        land to provide spiritual and cultural support for their communities
        
        a distinct status and culture, through maintaining and strengthening the identity and spiritual and cultural practices of indigenous communities
        
        Before the constitution changes, ATSI peoples:
        
        could not votes, gain political representation or participate in shaping the county
        
        were often force to live on 'reserves'
        
        often has their children forcibly removed by the authorities to be raised 'civilised' in white-run institutions.
        
        the legacy of this policy is known as the 'stolen generation' and the practice didn't finally end until 1970
      - Report found that ATSI peoples often lack:
        
        access of decent education
        
        connections to friends and families
        
        safety
        
        enough money
        
        good employment oppurtunities
        
        The 2009 'Closing the Gap' initiative is part of the Australian government's commitment to improve the health and quality of life of all ATSI peoples.
        
        However the progress has been variable:
        
        Between 2005 and 2012, life expectancy gap closed by 0.8 years for men, but only 0.1 years for women
        
        Between 1998 and 2012, ATSI death rates from circulatory diseases fell by 45% and from respiratory diseases by 27%
        
        Between 2008 and 2012, the death rates from all avoidable cuases were three times higher than that of non-indigneous people.
        
        Between 1998 and 2012, infant mortality rates of infants fell by 64%
        
        Education shows 20% of compulsory aged children are no enrolled in school - the previous 'stolen generations' experience has left many ATSI parents deeply suspicious of official institutes.
    - - In 2016, the Australian Prime Minister, Malcolm Turnball, presented a motion to promote anti-racism and equal rights. it included five components:
        
        reconciliation with ATSI peoples, and redress for their past social and economic disadvantages
        
        the maintenance of Australia as a culturally diverse and open society, united by commitment to democratic institutions and values
        
        a national immigration policy that is non-discriminatory on the grounds of race, colour, creed or origin.
        
        denouncing racial intolerance in any form
        
        the entitlement of all Australians to enjoy equal rights and be treated with equal respect, regardless of race, colour, creed or origin.
        
        Many ATSI people still believe that they are discriminated against and there are demands for better self-representation, as well as for the restoration of land that was forcible removed and cultural awareness programmes
      - Gender inequality in Australia
        
        While most Australian women say that they have more opportunities than their mothers' generation did, most also claim poor support for working mothers (e.g. parental leave, affordable childcare etc)
        
        Although gender equality has improved, pay equality between men and women in Australia fell between 2015 and 2016.
        
        Many feel that everyday sexism survives in Australian workplaces
        
        Among their concerns are widespread discrimination and lack of safety, as well as disrespect at home, online, in public, at work and in relationships