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Bio Study Guide (Central Dogma of Biology: The code in DNA is transcribed…
Bio Study Guide
Central Dogma of Biology: The code in DNA is transcribed into RNA is then translated into proteins which determines the shape/role (function) of a protein.
Replication (division):
copying a DNA strand so when a cell divides, the daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes w/ DNA polymerase (enzyme)
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Gene: Segment of DNA with info. to encode RNA (embedded within DNA in nucleus) (instructions for making each type of protein)
Transcription: Copying info / in a DNA Molecule into the structrure of mRNA molecule w/ enzyme RNA Polymerase
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RNA: single helix, sugar-phosphate backbone has ribose sugar, bases: cytosine w/ guanine & adenine w/ uracil, molecule is relatively short- 50 to a few thousands of bases contained in a single molecule
Mutations: change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA that may or may not change the phenotype of an organism (point mutations / chromosomal mutations)
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A nucleotide is composed of: a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
translation: ribosomes use info. in mRNA to build a particular protein to string particular amino acids together. Ribosome positions start codon to start anticodon which is part of the tRNA that binds methonine. Ribosome also binds next codon and its anticodon.
Types of RNA: transfer, ribosomal, and messenger RNA
Chagraff's rule:Bases should have a 1:1 ratio (Ex: adenine = thymine, guanine = cytosine)
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Introns: do not code for proteins so they must me removed from mRNA so all RNA codes for proteins (splicing)
Substitution: silent, missense, nonsense
silent substitution: codon formed will code for the same amino acid - no change in protein function.