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Terrorism (Examples (ETA: Northern Spain and France: "Basque -…

- - - - Sageman (2004)
        
        172 members of extremist Islamic groups were elaborately profiled, using open source data (publicly available)
        
        Investigated the process of recruitment
        
        Terrorism is difficult to research due to the clandestine nature and fact that government records not available
      - Bakker (2006)
        
        Replication: 242 jihadis active in Europe, used open source data
- - - - e.g. British citizens who value Muslim identity above their National identity have more positive attitudes towards jihadism and martyrdism
    - - strong reaction to perceived group threat (since this is taken as personal threat)
      - e.g. Western cultures are seen as a threat to Arab & Islamic cultures, and visa versa Cinnirella
        
        materialism vs spiritualism Marsella
  - - - Isolation from older friends
      - Dependency on the group
      - Priority of religion
      - Polarisation and Radicalisation - increased loyalty and commitment to the group
- - - - Maintenance
        
        Disengagement
  - - - Social/ Political / Organisational
        
        Personal factors
        
        Response, Disaffection, violence e.g. peer pressure effects
        
        Emotional state and Immediate experiences
      - Terrorist movement and political climate
      - Distinguishes terrorists from other criminals
- - - - Whereas, political suicide makes a statement and doesn't aim to hurt innocent parties
      - Usually voluntary, but under group pressure and/ or charismatic leadership
      - e.g. Okinawa battle: 2,000 Kamikaze and 5,000 USA deaths via suicide attacks
      - Victimises non-combatant targets
      - Psychological warfare against remaining members of opposition... killed individuals not actually the real targets, witnesses are.
    - - Merari (2010) failed suicide attempts in Israel
        
        Young, unmarried men recruited by older members. Highly educated, high SES, high religiosity, low previous criminality, low suicidal symptoms or mental health problems.
        
        Recruiters target youthful and unattached population. Emotional manipulation by leaders convince individuals to act 'in the interest of the group'
        
        Personal benefits? Recognition post-mortem
      - Post 9/11 95% of educated Saudi-Arabians support Al-Queda
      - Avoidant-dependent personality disorder/ depression?
        
        McCauley effects of incarceration on psychological well-being and worldviews