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Social Cleavages (Iran (Ethnicity (Kurds and Arabs tend to be Sunni Muslim…

- - - - Increased Violence regarding Northern Ireland
      - Intensified in early 1970s after British troops killed 13 Catholics in a “bloody Sunday”
      - Recently agreed to negotiate with gov, but threat of violence remains
- - - - Muslim missionaries came from the Middle East and converted most of North Africa
      - Christian missionaries came from Europe came to the south of Nigeria and converted the area to Christianity
    - - Southern Nigeria has the oil and more of the wealth
      - Northern Nigeria by comparison is poorer then its Southern counterparts
      - Conflicts over income inequality and who gets the oil money causes tension
  - - - https://www.oxfam.org/en/even-it-nigeria/nigeria-extreme-inequality-numbers
        
        The amount of money that the richest Nigerian man can earn annually from his wealth is sufficient to lift 2 million people out of poverty for one year.
        
        The combined wealth of Nigeria’s five richest men - $29.9 billion - could end extreme poverty at a national level yet 5 million face hunger. More than 112 million people are living in poverty in Nigeria, yet the country’s richest man would have to spend $1 million a day for 42 years to exhaust his fortune.
        
        Women represent between 60 and 79 percent of Nigeria's rural labor force but are five times less likely to own their own land than men. Women are also less likely to have had a decent education. Over three-quarters of the poorest women in Nigeria have never been to school and 94% of them are illiterate.
        
        In 2012, Nigeria spent just 6.5 percent of its national budget on education and just 3.5 percent on health (by comparison, Ghana spent 18.5 percent and 12.8 percent respectively in 2015). As a result, 57 million Nigerians lack safe water, over 130 million lack adequate sanitation and the country has more than 10 million children out of school.
- - - - Mestizo vs. Amerindian
        
        North vs. South
        
        North: dry, mountainous, prosperous population bc many trade w/ US, substantial middle class, avg. adult has 8 yrs of schooling, high education, support market-based economy. South: subtropical, ppl are less influenced by urban & US, lots of Amerindians, less European ethnicity, lower incomes than north, avg. adult has 6 yrs of schooling, rural, support PRI.
        
        Chiapas- southernmost state, source of Zapatista Movement, values Amerindian heritage & seeks native rights.
        
        Main ethnic cleavage. 10% of Mexicans speak indigenous language, but 30% call themselves Amerindian. Amerindians usually live in marginalized rural areas & poverty.
        
        Cleavages are often crosscutting, w/ diff divisions as issues change, but recently they often coincided. Poorest half of population have faster growing incomes than avg. Gov’t says poverty is decreasing & income distribution is more equal.
      - Unequal income distribution. Lower class: high mortality rates, low education. Middle/upper class: support PAN & vote more.