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EQ1.1 What is human development and why do levels vary from place to…

- - - - In all regions of England babies born to fathers, who are wither unskilled or unemployed, have higher infant mortality rate than those born to fathers in professional and managerial positions.
      - Men aged 20-64 within the middle class have higher mortality rates than those in social class.
      - Men in this class in the north of England have higher mortality and morbidity than those in the same class in the south of England.
      - It is believed that the explanation for this lies in material deprivation particularly in terms of employment and housing.
      - In addition, people in this social class display different behaviours toward health - more smoking, less uptake of healthcare, lower ability to maintain health - and there is a cumulative effect of disproportionate numbers if disadvantaged people living in deprived areas.
    - - This may affect geographic variations in health.
      - Levels of smoking vary considerably across the countries of the UK and within the regions.
      - It is well known that those of lower economic status are more likely to be heavy smokers, and it is this that drives the pattern of lung cancer by deprivation. Levels of education may also be a factor.
      - Alcohol consumption and diet vary only a little between regions and therefore are likely to have limited influence on patterns of health.
      - Attitudes to health, and in particular to exercise (again a reflection of education), may have an effect, but is far from straightforward to quantify the effects.
    - - The relationship between the weather and various aspects of health has been studied in great detail.
      - Relationships have been found between:
        Rainfall and heart disease, which may impact on regional variations.
        Temperature, heart disease and pneumonia, but these are more associated with seasonal variations of temperature than regional variations.
        Seasonality of mortality has declined in the UK since the 1960s, possibly due to the increased use of central heating.
        Air pollution was responsible for high morbidity and mortality from respiratory diseases before this period, and has declined.
      - Other smaller-scale aspects of the environment have an influence on morbidity.
        The impact of background radiation may be a factor in some diseases.
        
        For example, some rocks in the southwest of England contain high amounts of radon, and the radioactivity from this is thought to be responsible for higher risk of lung cancer in the area.
      - Issues of water quality are significant. Hard water is found in the south and east, soft water in the north and west.
      - A consistent relationship has been shown between soft water and high levels of heart disease. Deficiencies and excesses of certain trace elements in water are known to be harmful. Excesses of nickel and cadmium, mercury and lead are hazardous and high concentrations of aluminium in water have been suggested as an explanation for the geographic distribution of Alzheimer disease.
      - Age, gender and wealth also play a role in the variations in health.
- - - - Smoking
      - Obestiy
      - Incomes
      - Alcohol consumption
- - - - Nationally, the average life expectancy for indigenous Australia is around 10 years less than for non-indigenous Australians; the average life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders is only 69.1 years for men and 73.7 years for women.
        
        This is due to:
        
        Relatively high mortality rates in middle age (45-64)
        
        High rates of chronic disease and injury
        
        High level of deprivation
        
        A higher prevalence of modifiable and behavioural risk factors
        
        Smoking
        
        Alcohol abuse
        
        Drug use
        
        Lower levels of education and employment and the social disadvantages faced by many indigenous Australians