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Reproductive System (Female (Uterus: hollow muscular organ that's pear…
Reproductive System
Female
Ovaries: female gonads; small & almond shaped; attach to uterus by ligaments
when ovum matures, follicles enlarge & rupture to release mature ovum (ovulation)
occurs every 28 days
produce hormone to help in development of reproductive organs & give rise to secondary sexual characteristics
Fallopian tubes: 2 tubes 5 inches long that attach to upper part of uterus
ends above ovaries but not connected to them
serves as passageway for ovum as ovum moves toward uterus where fertilization takes place
Uterus: hollow muscular organ that's pear shaped
organ of menstruation, allows development & growth of fetus, & contracts to aid in expulsion of fetus during birth
Divided into 3 sections: fundus (top portion), body/ corpus (middle section), & cervix (narrow bottom section that attaches to the vagina)
3 layers: inner layer (endometrium-has layer of special epithelium providing implantation of fertilized ovum & helps aid in development of growing fetus), middle layer (mymetrium-allows for expansion of uterus during pregnancy & contracts to expel baby), outter layer (perimetrium- serous membrance)
Vagina: muscular tube that connects the cervix to uterus to outside of body
serves as passageway for menses, receives sperm & semen from males, organ of copulation, & acts as birth canal
Bartholin's glands: secretes mucus for lubrication for intercourse
Vulva: collective name for extremities of genital area
Mons Veneris: triangular pad of fat covered with hair
Labia Majora: 2 large folds of fatty tissue that encloses & protects the vagina
Labia Minora: 2 small hairless folds located inside
Breasts/ mammory glands: contain loves separated into sections by connective tissue & fatty tissue
milk ducts located in tissue
main function of glands= secrete milk (lactate) after childbirth
Female Diseases & Abnormal Conditions
Breast tumors
can be benign or malignant
signs & symptoms: lump/ mass, change in size/ shape, discharge from nipple
Breast self exam recommended once a month
treatment: lumpectomy, simple/ radial mastectomy
Cancer of cervix/ uterus: common and can be detected by pap smear
most common cause = HPV
signs & symptoms: abnormal vaginal discharge & bleeding & uterine enlargement
treatment: hysterectomy, panhysterectomy, chemo, and radiation
Endometriosis: abnormal growth of endometrium tissue outside of uterus
Causes sterility if fallopian tubes become blocked
signs & symptoms: pain, abnormal bleeding, dysmenorrhea
treatment: differs with age, pain med, or surgery
Ovarian Cancer: one of the most common causes of cancer death in women
frequently occurs in women ages 40-65
signs & symptoms: discomfort in abdomen region, mild GI disturbances, abdominal distention, and urinary frequencies
3/4 cases go undetected until it has metastasized to the abdomen
treatment: surgical removal of all reproductive organs & affected lymph nodes, chemo, & radiation
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): inflammation of cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, and at times ovaries
caused by bacteria from sexually transmitted infections, viruses, and fungi
signs & symptoms: pain in lower abdomen, fever, & purulent drainage
Treatment: antibiotics, increased fluid intake, rest, or pain meds
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): group of symptoms 13-14 days prior to menstruation
usually peaks in late 20's early 30's; cause= unknown but maybe result of hormone/ biochemical imbalance, poor nutrition, or stress
signs & symptoms: irratibility, nervousness, depression, headache, edema, backache, constipation, abdominal bloating, food cravings, temporary weight gain, & breast tenderness or enlargement
treatment: exercise, massage, diet modification, light therapy, stress reduction, diuretics, and analgesics
STD's
AID's: caused by HIV virus; can spread through sexual secretion/ blood & from infected mom to infant during pregnancy/ childbirth
Signs & symptoms: positive blood test, lack of infection resistance, appetite loss, weight loss, recurring fever, night sweats, skin rashes, etc
Treatment: no cure
Chlamydia: 1 of most frequent occurring STD's
signs & symptoms: similar to gonorrhea; males: burning when urinating & mucoid discharge; female: frequently asymptomatic although may have discharge
Gonorrhea: frequently called "the clap"; caused by gonococcus bacteria
signs & symptoms: males: green/ yellow discharge, burning when urinating, sore throat, & swollen glands; females: usually asymptomatic but may experience dysuria, pain in lower abdomen & green/ yellow discharge
treatment: large doses of antibiotics
Male
Male organs
testes produce male sex cells
AKA sperm
scrotum: sac suspended between 2 thighs where testes are housed
located outside the body to keep temperature low for sperm production
epididymis: where sperm go after developing in seminiferous tubules
tightly coiled tube about 20 feet long
store sperm while maturing and becoming motile
Vas Deferens: receive sperm & fluid from epidiymis; goes up into abdominal cavity and curves behind bladder to join with seminal vesicles
passageway & temporary storage area for sperm
tube that gets cut during vasectomy
seminal vesicle: 2 small pouchlike tubes that have a glandular lining & produce thick, yellow fluid rich in sugar that provides nutrients for sperm
Ejaculatory ducts: 2 short tubes that form from union of vas deferens & seminal vesicles
carry semen and sperm through prostate glands & into urethra
Prostate gland; donut shaped gland that produces alkaline secretions that increases sperm motility & neutralizes acidity in the vagina
during ejaculation, muscle tissue in the prostate gland contracts to help expulsion of semen into urethra
Cowper's gland: located under the prostate; secrets musus & serves as a lubricant for intercouse & alkaline fluid that decreases acidity of urine that resides in urethra
urethra: carries both urine & semen
Penis: external male organ responsible for depositing semen into vagina & elimination of urine
Diseases & Abnormal Conditions
Epididymitis: inflammation of the epidiymis
caused by gonococcus, strep,or staph
frequently occurs with UTI, prostate infections, mumps, or STD
if not treated can cause scarring and sterility
signs and symptoms= pain in testes, swelling, and fever
treatment= antibiotics, cold applications, scrotal support, & pain meds
Orchitis: inflammation of testes usually caused by mumps, pathogens, or injury
leads to atrophy of testes and causes sterility
signs & symptoms= swelling of scrotum, pain, & fever
treatment: antibiotics, antipyretics, scrotal support, & pain meds
Prostatic Hypertrophy/ Hyperplasia: enlargement of prostate gland
common in men over 50 & can be benign caused by inflammation, tumor, change in hormone activity/ cancer condition
signs & symptoms: difficult to start urinating, frequent urination, nocturia, dribbling, UTI, & when urethra is blocke- urinary resection
treatment: fluid restriction, antibiotics, prostatic massage, prostatectomy/ transurethral resection
Prostate Cancer: can have same symptoms as prostatic hypertrophy/ may not have any symptoms
screening can detect substance released by cancer cells & aid in early detection/ diagnosis
diagnostic exam may show hard, abnormal mass in prostate gland; biopsy will diagnose
treatment: if cancer; prostatectomy, radiation, and estrogen therapy
Testicular Cancer: cancer of testes usually occurs in men ages 20-35
highly malignant & can spread rapidly
signs & symptoms: painless swelling of testes, heavy feeling, accumulation of fluid
treatment: orchiectomy (surgical removal of testis, chemo, & radiation
anatomy different in male and females but has same type of organs
consists of:
gonads: sex glands (ovaries & testes)
ducts (tubes): carry sex cells & secretions
accessory organs
function= produce life