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Corrections (Doing time (Elderly inmates (Approx. 152,000 inmates over age…

- - - - Risk to security
      - Education
      - Ability to work
      - Readiness/time to release
  - - - may be low estimate due to lack of testing
  - - - Increased use of prescription medication
      - Outpatient w/meds less expensive
    - - Revolving door
    - - Cost
      - Security
      - Psychiatric Units
  - - - Mental Health
      - Programming
      - Connection to community
  - - - Created within Prison and Imported
      - Deprivation within the prison environment makes the inmate code
    - - doing time
      - gleaning
      - Jailing
      - Disorganization
  - - - goods
      - Services
        
        Debt as a level
  - - - age
      - Race
      - Mental illness
    - - Prisoner --> Prisoner
      - Prisoner --> officer
      - Officer --> prisoner
    - - adequate supervision
      - Architectural design
      - reducing availability of weapons
      - Proper use of classification
      - Avoid overcrowding
- - - - Pennsylvania System
      - Quaker idea of reformation through isolation, repentance
      - Walnut Street Jail/Eastern State Penitentiary
    - - New York System
      - Auburn Penitentiary, New York
      - Isolated at night, work together during day
      - Began contract labor system involving inmates
  - - - Inmate. change rewarded by release
      - Indeterminate sentences
      - Seperation of sexes
  - - - medical/psychological treatment
      - vocational training
      - education
  - - - Civil rights movement
      - Vietnam War
  - - - Longer sentences
      - Mandatory Sentences
      - 3 strikes legislation
      - Greater use of incarceration
- - - - supervision of parole agents
    - - Grace
      - Constract
      - Custody
    - - Maconochie
        
        British Penal Colonies in Tasmania
        
        Terms
        
        Strict Imprisonment
        
        Labor on chain gang
        
        Limited freedom
        
        Ticket of leave/conditional pardon
        
        Full Restoration of liberty
      - Crofton
        
        Ireland
        
        Terms
        
        Ticket of leave transitioned to condition-based parole
      - Brockway
        
        Elima Reformatory, New York
  - - - Completes maximum court sentence
        
        Is not supervised in the community
    - - Maximum minus good time, or a percentage of full sentence is served
        
        released conditional parole supervision
    - - Parole board decision to release to parole supervision within indeterminate sentencing states
    - - Furloughs
      - home supervision
      - Probation
      - emergency release
      - compassionate release
  - - - keep community safe
      - enforce conditions or release
      - may search without notice, warrant
    - - assist with housing, employment
      - liaison between parole and the community
      - build relationship for success
- - - - Primarily county control
      - BOP operates 12
    - - Temporary holding
  - - - Prior to the 1960s
      - "Slave to state"
      - "Civil death"
      - Courts wouldn't take on cases that had to do with inmates
    - - 1960s-1980s
        
        Cooper v. Pate (1964)
        
        End of "hands off" period
        
        Use Civil Rights Act of 1871, Section 1983 to access federal courts as a state inmate
        
        Inmates could now use sec 1983 to sue in regard to conditions, treatment, nutrition, medical care, etc
    - - 1st
        
        Procunier v. Martinez (1974)
        
        Mail censorship only with demonstration of compelling govt interest
        
        Turner v. Safley (1987)
        
        May restrict mail between inmates at different institutions
        
        Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) and Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA)
      - 4th
        
        Hudson v. Palmer (1984)
        
        May search cells and confiscate anything without suspicion of wrongdoing or justification as long as it is not due to anything such as discrimination
        
        Bell v. Wolfish (1979)
        
        body searches permissible to fit institutional need and when not used to degrade
        
        Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders (2012)
        
        May strip search those entering jail under minor offenses
      - 8th
        
        Punishment shocks conscience civilized society
        
        Unnecessarily cruel
        
        Is beyond legitimate penal aims
        
        totality of conditions
        
        Deliberate indifference
      - 14th
        
        Due Process
        
        Wolff v. McDonnell(1974)
        
        Basic Procedural Right in disciplinary hearing, sanctions
        
        Equal Protection
        
        Lee v. Washington (1968)
        
        Discrimination cannot be official policy
  - - - Search
        
        Griffin v. Wisconsin(1987)
        
        Samson v. California(2006)
      - Due Process - Revocation
        
        Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
        
        Gangon v. Scarpelli (1973)
- - - - Possession of that individial
      - taking care of that individual with food, clothes, medical care, etc
    - - Idea that we want to have them engage in some activity that causes them to change themselves
        
        vocational or education programs, mental health care, medical care, etc
    - - We are planning and working with them for the day that they step back into the community
  - - - People are not there willingly
      - Cannot select clients
      - Must rely on client for daily operation and compliance
- - - - 1645-1824
      - Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law (1646)
        
        "Evil" Child
        
        Discipline at hands of family, law if not able
    - - 1824-1899
      - Houses of Refuge/Reform Schools
      - Child is helpless
      - Requires supervision and care
      - Same criminal justice procedure used for adults
    - - 1960-1980
      - Refinement of the court process and rights of juvenile
      - Counsel
      - Face accuser
      - Adequate notice
    - - 1980-2005
      - harsher punishment for juveniles
      - support of waiver
    - - 2005-present
      - Rehabilitation of child; family
  - - - Community corrections
      - Community service
      - restitution
      - fines
- - - - John Agustus, Boston 1841
      - First statewide system in Massachusetts, 1880
      - 21 states by 1920
      - 44 states by the beginning of WWII
      - Began as second chance, evolved to supervision & service provision (case management)
      - now incorporates risk assessment
    - - Centralized vs. Decentralized
        
        Combined with parole
        
        funding
        
        training
        
        Which one is Indiana?
        
        Decentralized aka the counties and courts run probation
      - Works best with solid working relationship between judge and supervising officer
    - - Attend court
        
        New PSI requested
      - Update or modification hearings
      - Revocation
        
        technical violation
      - Write Presentence reports
      - Supervision of clients
        
        home and work
    - - Fines
        
        goes to the court
      - Restitution
        
        payment for what you caused
      - Forfeiture
        
        taking a gain from an illegal activity
    - - home confinement
        
        requires telephone service
        
        costly to offender
        
        high failure rate
      - community service
      - day reporting
        
        daily check ins
        
        often require programming
      - Intensive Supervision Probation
        
        Probation Diversion
        
        Institutional Diversion
    - - Boot Camps
        
        shock incarceration
        
        Youthful offenders
        
        resolve "discipline issues"
        
        decline in use since 2000s
      - Concerns of implementation
        
        which agencies should handle sanctions?
        
        which offenders should be admitted?
        
        net-widening