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Theory of stuttering (Derivations (Learning theories, Approach-avoidance…

- - - - 觀察到的口吃者（PWS）似乎是左撇子，父母將其改為右撇子
      - 口吃患者及親屬中左利手多見，認為口吃與大腦優勢側有關
    - - Stuttering resulted from delays in left-hemisphere growth during fetal development, which led subsequently to right-hemisphere dominance for speech and language
      - Might result from fetal exposure to excess testosterone during embryonic development
  - - - Speech production is interrupted if our internal monitoring process detects an error in the phonetic plan
      - result of repairing the phonological errors detected in the phonetic plan before they are spoken
      - ‧ Part-word repetitions→error at the finals
        ‧ Prolongations→error at the middle (vowels)
        ‧ Blocks→error at the beginning