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The Chemistry of Life (Proteins (Amino acids (Examples: (Glutamic acid,…

- - - - Glutamic acid
      - Glutamine
      - Glycine
  - - - The most abundant structural protein in most animals is collagen, which makes up skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones.
      - Other structural proteins make up feathers, fur, wool, hooves, fingernails, cocoons and hair.
- - - - Unsaturated
        
        Contain one or more double bonds.
      - Saturated
        
        Contain only single bonds.
  - - - Cell membranes are made up of a double layer of phospholipids, called a lipid bilayer.
      - Are triglycerides in which one fatty acid is replaced by a polar phosphate group.
    - - are lipids formed by combining a fatty acid with a long-chain alcohol.
      - Both plants and animals make waxes.
    - - are lipids that have multiple cyclic rings in their structures.
- - - - Thymine
      - Guanine
      - Adenine
      - Cytosine
    - - Made up of phosphate and sugars
  - - - Sugar ribose
      - Single strand
      - Phosphate group
- - - - Glucose is a major source of immediate energy for the body.
      - Glucose is a six-carbon sugar that is present in high concentration in blood.
    - - Are formed when two monosaccharides are bonded together.
    - - Glycogen is an important polysaccharide found in animals that is used to store energy.
      - Starch and cellulose are important polysaccharides found in starch.
      - Are polymers of simple sugars made up of 12 or more monomers.
- - - - Breaking down of large molecules and releasing energy
      - Photosynthesis
        
        The process that converts energy from sunlight to chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydrates
        
        Photosynthesis results in the reduction of carbon atoms in carbon dioxide as glucose is formed.
    - - Building up of large molecules using small molecules and energy is needed
      - Cellular respiration
        
        Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is used by living things during cellular respiration, the process in which glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide, water, and large amounts of energy.
        
        Cellular respiration is the major energy-producing process in living organisms.
  - - - Lactic acid fermentation
        
        Animal cells produce lactic acid and a small amount of energy from lactic acid fermentation of glucose.
        
        In lactic acid fermentation, when the oxygen supply is depleted, cellular respiration stops
        
        Build-up of lactic acid is what results in burning pain in the muscles during strenuous exercise.
      - Alcoholic fermentation
        
        Alcoholic fermentation is used to make bread, form tofu, and produce ethanol in alcoholic beverages.
        
        In alcoholic fermentation, yeast and some bacteria can ferment glucose to produce ethanol.