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Ecology (production in an ecosystem (production efficiency, the percentage…

- - - - light
      - nutrients
        
        nutrient enrichment
        
        eutrophication, process by which nutrients become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae and cyanobacteria
        
        limiting nutrient
    - - tempurature
      - moisture
      - soil nutirients
        
        plants have adapted strategies to improve uptake of limiting nutrients
- - - - keystone species, species that exert strong control on community structure not by being numerical but as a result of an important ecological role or niche
      - ecosystem engineers, are species that alter a physical environment
      - dominant species, species that are most abundant or collectively have the highest biomass
  - - - top-down model, predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which control plant numbers, which control nutrient numbers
      - bottom-up model. mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plant numbers, which control herbivore numbers, which control predator numbers
    - - food chains are linked together into food webs
- - - - +/- interaction in which one organism, the parasite, gets nourishment from another, the host, which is harmed in the process
        
        endoparasites,live inside the host
        
        ectoparasites, live outside the host
      - +/- interaction in which an organism, and herbivore, eats parts of a plant or algae, harming it
        
        both herbivores and plants have developed adaptations
      - predation
        
        +/- interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
        
        both predators and prey tend to be refined through natural selection
  - - - mutualism
        
        +/+ interaction, both species benefit, both species can survive on their own, and both organisms incur costs
      - commensalism
        
        +/0 interaction, in which one species benefits and the other neither harms nor helps the other
- - - - determined by
        
        sunlight
        
        temperature
        
        wind
        
        precipitation
      - determines earth's biomes
        
        major life zones characterized by vegetation (terrestrial) or by physical environment (aquatic)
    - - dispersal, the movement of individual or gametes away from their area of origin or from areas of high population density
    - - law of conservation of energy
        
        energy cannot be created or destroyed
        
        autotrophs convert solar energy to chemical energy
      - law of entropy
        
        every energy exchange increases the entropy of the universe
        
        every unit of energy is eventually lost from the ecosystem as heat
      - law of conservation of mass
        
        matter cannot be created or destroyed
        
        chemical elements are always recycled in an ecosystem
    - - primary producers
      - primary consumers
      - secondary consumers
      - tertiary consumers
      - detritivores
      - create ecological pyramids
        
        energy pyramid
        
        biomass pyramid
        
        ecological pyramid
    - - chemical elements are limited, life depends on recycling chemicals are assimilated and waste products are released
        
        water cycle
        
        carbon cycle
        
        nitrogen cycle
        
        phosphorus cycle