Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Native/non-native speakers (Prejudice against foreign accents (Kinzler:…
Native/non-native speakers
Investigating interactions between N and N-N speakers: what should we look @ ?
Competence
Skills, confidence, self-esteem
Prejudice
Expectations, attitudes, behavioural changes
Cognitive load/ processing
Emotionality
Accents
ITV survey
2013
British
regional accents/ dialects rated
Friendly
Devon, Newcastle, Edinburgh amongst highest rated... Birmingham least
28%
felt that their accent or dialect had caused them to be discriminated against at some point in any given situation
Intelligent
Queen's English
Since there are such diverse attitudes/ perceptions regarding British accents, might foreign accents be met with even more controversial opinions/ discrimination
Stats
In the world, there are
more bi-linguists and multi-linguists
than mono-linguists
56%
EU residents bi-linguists
20%
London residents English is a
2nd
language - some boroughs higher than 30%
USA: Chigago 34%, LA 60%, NY 47% don't speak English @ home
Prejudice against foreign accents
FA are
less easily understood
for NS and carry with them stronger
stereotypes
It is
legal
not to hire a person on account of their accent as it 'hinders communication' which is a basic requirement for most jobs
Hosoda
competence
Ratings
Job suitability
Likelihood of promotion
Decision to hire (yes/no)
Competence
Warmth
This was the
only
rating not to be significantly different between N and N-N speakers
Shows higher difference in perceptions of skills/ capability rather than personality
A heterogenous sample
including Hispanic
participants: shows that prejudice exists even within the minority/ N-N group
1min recording of self-description in English: NS or N-NS (Mexican/Spanish)
Tsalikis
personality
Ratings biased toward native speaker on
all
traits measures
Traits
Intelligence, Friendliness, Honesty
Persuasiveness (job competence)
6 identical sales pitches: 3 American, 3 Greek accent
Inconsistency b/w
Hosoda
and
Tsalikis
- is prejudice refined to ability perceptions or does it also include personality judgements?
Kinzler:
accent bias at an early age
5 year olds prefer being friends with...
Children speaking the same language
Children with a native accent
Unclear if this effect is also true for non-native speakers
i.e.
would a French person prefer another French person speaking English over and American?
Test: infants
USA infants and French infants
English accent/ French-accent
Eye tracking revealed preference
Silent control
Accent Bias is
greater
than Race Bias
i.e.
American accent black confederate preferred by Americans (NS) over a white confederate with a French accent
Dovidio
Evidence that prejudice is reducing?
Job hiring patterns: no discrimination based on accent so long as applicants are clearly strong or weak candidates for the job
BUT when candidates are ambiguous/ fall in the middle of the pack then discrimination is
strong
These are
implicit
biases, unwittingly displayed even by those who consciously reject prejudices - social conditioning?
Implicit Prejudice
We learn stereotypes from our environment subconsciously. They are
automatically activated
and influence our impressions and actions without our knowledge
Implicit Association Test
Order effects could influence results
"Good" and "Bad" labels associated with a list of words
e.g.
lovely, horrible, gay
Indirect measure of cognition relying on instinctual/ immediate responses
Priming type of task with two levels - reveals 'natural' or pre-existing connections
Slower reaction times (and higher mistakes) in the condition where 'gay' etc connected to 'good' rather than 'bad' show that this connection goes
against
the participants' natural biases. It is easier and faster for most people to make the connection between 'gay' and 'bad'.
e.g.
"European American" vs "African American"
Bias shown by the vast majority including minority groups
Even after controlling for explicit racism, implicit racist biases still exist
The predicative value of implicit prejudice: how it influences behaviour...
Stanley
trustworthiness/ money sharing task (reward 4x if shared, but rely on partner to give back half of reward if trust them ... otherwise keep for self and don't share in the first place)
Revealed explicit and implicit effects of racism as predictors of money giving (0-10$)
Greenwald
implicit racism predicted voting in the 2008 US election
The impact of bias on the minority/ N-N speakers
Self-fulfilling expectations
Ruso
the exacerbation of biases
Foreign Accent
Managers
N-NS
Interactions
Career Outcomes
Exclusion
Devaluation
Avoidance
High cognitive load
Low expectations
Affective reactions
Controlling management style
Accent prestige and exposure to foreign accents
Having a foreign accent, people
expect
to be treated with prejudice and discrimination. Low expectations
alter behaviour
and create a more
negative interactions
between N and N-N speakers which
reinforce
the initial divide/ prejudice
Snyder
Male undergraduates: unattractive/ attractive conversation partners (photo not actually the same person as who they speak to) and rate partner based on bio information
Raters listen to either only the women's part of the conversation
or
the men's part of the conversation
Stereotypes
Men rated 'attractive' women more positively (warmth, sociability, outgoing etc)
Self-fulfilling expectations
Independent raters rated both men and women more positively in 'attractive' condition - **showing that behaviour is altered by expectations
Expectations distort
behaviour
Seems that most evidence supports theories but is not in the appropriate context (of N and N-NS)... maybe more research is needed investigating this specifically
Reliance on context and schemas when interpreting novel input
Rubin
Expectations distort
perceptions
Picture of lecturer (White or Asian) then hear lecture with a Native American English Speaker...
Speech rated as
less intelligible
and
more foreign
when picture was of Asian woman
Cloze task: participants fill blanks of transcript from lecture audio
Worse performance on this task when image was Asian
Babel
Transcription of audio, Asian photo or none, English speaker
Chinese ppts understood audio less well and rated more accented
Explicit and implicit measures of prejudice did
not
predict performance
Participants 50:50 Caucasian/Chinese
McGowan
Mandarin-accent presented with Asian / Caucasian / silhouette (control) face
Ppts understood better when Asian woman presented - supports that
congruency of expectations
is an important factor
Expectations influence processing of speech
Cognitive Load
Accented speech is harder to process as it takes more
effort
so it is
slower
and
less accurate
Ease of processing is misattributed to
Aesthetic quality
Clarity
Duration
Loudness
Evidence that foreign accent increases difficulty of processing and influences perceptions of truth
Lev-Ari
ppts rated accented speech as less truthful
Unknown trivia, true/false judgements, Speakers N/ mild accent/ heavy accent
Sig diff between N & mild and N & heavy
BUT when task altered and ppts told that test was about understanding the speaker,
not
about truthfulness of trivia, accent ratings were more often 'true'
i.e.
awareness can mitigate the effect of mild but not heavy accents
Bradlow
Awareness may not be sufficient... but
experience
reduces difficulty of understanding accents
More exposure to a speaker makes understanding easier
Exposure leads to lower bias
due to cognitive load reduction
Emotion in a 2nd language
Harris
Processing of native language involves greater emotions
Turkish-English bi-lingual show higher skin response to scolding/ taboo words in Turkish compared to English (2nd)
Kahneman
framing effects
Asian disease problem: without medicine 600-thousand die. 2 Medicines exist
A: 200-thousand will saved (positive), 400-thousand will die (negative)
B: 33.3% chance everyone will be saved (positive), 66.6% chance no one will be saved (negative)
English learn Japanese, Korean learn English, English learn French = ppts
Framing effects (negative phrasing influences decision) displayed
but only in native languages
Keysar
loss aversion
Koreans learn English
High stakes emotional
vs
low stakes non-emotional
Greater loss aversion shown in 2nd language condition and higher rationality (low stakes less emotional)
Why?
2nd language learners in these studies always study in a classroom - not in a real life setting
...Hence less association with emotion and emotional experiences?
Also possibly because decision making tasks rely more on system 2 - rationality than system 1 - heuristics & emotions