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Cold War (Hungary (Khruschev Responds (unacceptable!, show force - to…
Cold War
Hungary
Nagy - Reform
demonstrations - illegal
students led
turned violent
police couldn't control it
Khruschev appointed Nagy - liberal
leave the Warsaw Pact
Communist gov should end
Western style democracy
UN protection from Russia
Government split over Nagy's proposed reforms - did not want to leave USSR (led by Kadar)
Khruschev Responds
unacceptable!
show force - to prevent other countries from trying to leave the Warsaw Pact
200,000 troops sent to Hungary
2,500 killed, 20,000 wounded, 200,000 fled West
revolution ends in November 1957
De-Stalinisation
Stalin died 1953
replaced by Khruschev was more liberal
promised an end to Stalinism
policy of peaceful coexistence
Nagy executed for treason
Rakosi
Hungary's dictator 1949-56
"bald butcher", "Stalin's best pupil"
salami tactics way of dealing with opponents
2000 deaths, 387,000 imprisoned
International Reaction
US - had encouraged but didn't give military help - let people down
20 million aid
UN officially condemned but did nothing more
Spain, Sweden, Netherlands boycott 56 Olympics
Radicals were discouraged from following Hungary's example
Under Stalin
1949 oppressive regime - land given to other Eastern Bloc countries - coal, oil, wheat shipped to Russia while Hungarians were deprived of food - Cominform reign of terror
Kadar + Soviet Control
USSR Puppet initially
15 point programme
reestablishing Comm control
stay in Warsaw Pact
negotiate withdrawal of Soviet troops
knew he couldn't control the Soviets, so he tried to work with them and by doing this he was able to gain some things for Hungary
Beginnings
Yalta Conference 1945
Big 3 - tensions re Poland, Germany split into 4, free elections in Eastern Europe, UN set up, post-War plans
Tension Rises
Capitalism vs Communism
Tehran Conference 1943
Big 3 - Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt
end of WW2
Potsdam Conference 1945
Truman lied about Atomic bomb
Churchill --> Atlee
Roosevelt --> Truman
Open disagreements about reparations and communist government in Poland
Grand Alliance Breaks Down
marriage of convenience between capitalist USA and communist USSR against Hitler
Berlin Crisis
Khrushchev Responds
declared that all of Berlin belonged to USSR
Einsenhower did not know what to do - no war, no to letting go
summits
Geneva 59, Camp David Summits
no solution, keep talking
U2 incident
1956 US spy plane in Russian airspace
March 1960, USSR shoots plane down, pilot captured and admitted - US exposed as liars
Paris 60, Geneva 61 Summits
Paris - K demands U2 program punished, E refused, K walks out day 1
Geneva - K tells JFK to remove troops from Berlin, JFK refused + began to prepare for war - 3.2 billion $ defence spending increase - $207 million on nuclear fallout shelters
Refugee Crisis in East Germany
many fled to West Germany - more freedom + wealth
2.7 million refugees, many highly skilled
The Berlin Wall
Wall is built
Khruschev coud not win a nuclear war
Khruschev had to solve refugee problem
12 August 1961 - barbed wire fence around West Berlin
Impact
Khruschev allowed to avoid war with America while still appearing strong
powerful symbol of division
stopped East Germans escaping
Kennedy's Visit
1963 solidarity tour West Berlin
"All free men are citizens of Berlin"
Korean War
Outcome
UN gets pushed far south
UN fights back, push into NK
Get close to China + China joins NK
NK + China push back to the middle
Armistice - 3 years of fighting
Impact
showed US would intervene against communist
increased US military spending by 400%
due to involvement of Russia and China
changed Marshall Aid - away from economic growth and more towards military spending - led to rearmament through through West
Causes
38th parallel divided the country into Communist North and Democratic South
90,000 NK marched to SK
June 1950
US Reaction
Truman - stop the "domino effect"
appealed to the UN for support
General MacArthur led the troops - end of June
Development of the Cold War - 1947
Fear of War
Suspicious Words
Churchill - "Iron Curtain' Speech March 46
Stalin Speech
Telegrams
Long Telegram
re: Stalin's aggressive Foreign policy
Novikov
re: US desire for "world supremacy"
Truman Doctrine
Ideas
to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion
support free people resisting subjugation and Govs threatened by Communists
help should be thru economic and financial aid
Significance
divide the world by ideology
removed the possibility for cooperation
The Marshall Plan 48
Aims
improve economic situations of countries in Europe
discourage countries from embracing Communism
Methods
give money
over 13 billion USD
more to major industrial powers
Reactions
USSR claimed US was trying to split Europe in two camps - refused plan and blocked benefits to the Bloc countries
16 European countries welcomed it
Development of the Cold War - Stalin
Satellite States
Puppet communist leaders
Atmosphere of Fear
Ruthless police vs Opposition
Economies made dependent on USSR
Poland, Czech, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, East Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Cominform
1947
Communist Information Bureau
coordinate actions between Communist parties in the bloc
rejected Marshall Plan , strikes encouraged against it
investigating "loyalty"
eg. Hungary 5% in prison by 1953!
Comecon
1949
economic coordination in the bloc
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
Stalin's answer to MP
funds for Bloc countries that were blocked from the USA's money
prevent trade with West
Development of the Cold War - First Confrontation 1947 - 1955
Berlin Blockade
first major international crisis of the CW
24 June 1948–12 May 1949
Stalin blocked the Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control
Air lift saved Berlin
Bad press for Stalin, Good press for US
Arms Race
1945 US uses Nuclear bomb
1949 USSR has nuclear bomb
Hydrogen bombs
formation of NATO 1949
after Berlin Blockade
alliance between the Allies
umbrella of defence against Stalin
Warsaw Pact
Bizonia
Berlin in 4 - Stalin wanted it for himself
Cuban Missile Crisis
13 Days
Kennedy imposes naval blockade
Kennedy gives public address declaring the blocked and calling on Khruschev to recall his ships
Kennedy informed of Khruschev's plan to place nuclear missiles on Cuba
Khruschev sends a letter to Kennedy stating that Soviet ships will break through the blockade
Khruschev issues a statement that the USSR is prepared to launch nuclear weapons if America goes to war
American and Soviet armed forces are on the highest level of alert - they are told to prepare for war, Kennedy writes to Khruschev asking him to withdraw missiles from Cuba
Khruschev responds to Kennedy's letter saying he will withdraw Soviet missiles in return for a guarantee that the USA will not invade Cuba
Khruschev receives intelligence that the USA is planning to invade Cuba in 24 hours. He proposes a deal - the USSR will withdraw missiles from Cuba if the USA will agree never to invade Cuba and withdraw its nuclear missiles from Turkey. An American spy plane is show down over Cuba. American 'hawks' demand retaliation. Bobby Kennedy approaches the Russian ambassador accepting Khruschev's deal but demands that the withdrawal of American missiles from Turkey is kept secret
on both sides - hawks - aggressive policy (nuclear war) vs doves - diplomatic policy (peace)
Khruschev accepts this secret deal. phew
Consequences
Immediate
Hot-Line
Limited Test Ban Treaty
Krushchev's authority reduced
Long Term
M.A.D.
France and Nato
Soviet arms production
Origins
Bay of Pigs
Effects
success of Castro's government
propaganda failure for the USA - they could no longer suggest that the people of Cuba did not support Castro
USA failed
fear of another US invasion
Consequences
plan to put Russian missiles on Cuba soil
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro asked the USSR for help
Events
April 1961
Kennedy planned to overthrow the Communists - CIA trained a bunch of Cuban refugees - he thought Castro's government was unpopular with Cubans and that the people would join the CIA backed revolution - he miscalculated - the Americans were defeated in 2 days
Missile Bases
Castro felt vulnerable - asked Khrushchev for help
USSR missiles on Cuban soil - invasion deterrent and within striking distance of the US - could attack US without spending the money for inter-continental ballistic missiles
Cuban Revolution
1959
overthrow proAmerican gov, by Fidel Castro
Castro took American property in Cuba
Americans banned the import of Cuban sugar
threatened to bankrupt Cuban economy
Cuba turns to USSR for help = economic aid to industrialise
Arms Race
USSR had few missiles + no way of dropping them
1957 USSR - Sputnik 1 - first man made satellite - US 'sleeping under a red moon - USSR technology getting more sophisiticated
40s + 50s US clear winner - first atom bomb - 1961 US had 20x more nuclear missiles than USSR + B52s to drop them
US feared Soviet tech developments but really USSR was not wealthy enough to 'produce missiles like sausages'
abilities vs threats
causes and effects that spiralled out of control
each wanted military superiority
both feared war was about to break out
neither side trusted each other
USSR wanted to catch the USA