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Traits (Big 5 (Historical Background (1st half of the 20th century:…

- - - - 18,000 English words
      - Evaluations ~5,200
      - States ~ 4,500
      - Traits ~4,500
  - - - Traits that co-exist in people (correlate) are grouped together
      - Each dimension is interpreted as a psychological disposition/trait/factor
  - - - Study of 2 individualistic countries (US, Australia) and 4 collectivist (Mexico, Philippines, Malaysia, Japan)
      - Implicit trait beliefs endorsed across cultural groups Though stronger in the individualistic countries
    - - Compared lexical studies from across English and 12 other languages
      - Equivalent of 4 factors seen across studies
      - Openness to experience seemed to be unique to Anglo-based cultures
- - - - Big Five intercorrelated, indicating possibility of a general factor
      - Factor analysis to test the viability of a general factor
      - Meta-analysis of 212 Big Five studies that reported intercorrelations among the measures
      - Best fitting model showed five factors loading onto two metafactors, which loaded onto a general factor
- - - - People differ in degree they possess a trait, not whether they possess it
    - - Behaviour
      - Thoughts
      - Feeling
  - - - Dispositions
      - e.g. cheerful, neuroticism, hostility
    - - Usually related to specific environmental event
      - e.g. happy, nervousness, anger
    - - Likely linked to societal and cultural norms
      - e.g. good, bad, evil
  - - - Favored method: Nomothetic
    - - “how” vs. “why”
- - - - self consistently best judge for self-esteem and anxiety (low in observability and evaluativeness)
    - - all perspectives achieved accuracy in ratings these traits - high in observability and low in evaluativness
    - - friends more accurate, high in evaluativeness - therefore distorted by self-protective biases
- - - - Extroversion-Introversion
      - Stability-Neuroticism
      - Normality-Psychoticism
- - - - Conscientiousness a consistent +ve predictor
      - Openness to Experience and Extraversion sometimes +ve predictors
      - Facets better predictors than the Big Five - Being achievement-oriented, self-disciplined and diligent > Conscientiousnes
    - - 2 samples of British university students (UCL) over 3 years
      - Big Five - Exam scores, final year project marks - Other indicators of academic performance
      - Big Five predicted exam marks over and above other academic predictors
      - Conscientiousness associated with higher performance
      - Neuroticism (and potentially Psychoticism) associated with lower performance
      - Extraversion positively linked to project marks only
  - - - Paunonen & Ashton (2001)
        
        Compared predictive ability of Big 5 vs. facets (5 each)
        
        Undergraduates in pairs - Self and peer ratings -
        
        Two measures – scored for both broad and specific traits 40 behaviour criteria (eg intelligence, honesty, smoking, drinking, dating)
        
        Both predicted large amount of variance
        
        But specific facets predicted greater numbers
        
        Sometimes accounted for more variance
        
        And often accounted for different variance