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Community Ecology (Beneficial Interactions (Nurse Plants (Spiny Desert…
Community Ecology
Beneficial Interactions
Mutualism
Mutualistic Relationship
Both organisms benefit.
Pollinators
Not preying or competing
Facilitation
One organism helping another
Receiving no benefit
Facilitates organisms presence
Nurse Plants
Helps neighboring species
Provides habitual area.
Spiny Desert Shrubs
Primary Succession
Facilitation to Succession
Organisms established
Newly created substrates
Mosses & Lichens
Colonizing on bare rocks
Metapopulations
Source Habitat
High-Quality Patch
Sink Habitat
Low-Quality Patch
Migration to & from patches
Walking
Swimming
Flying
Local Populations
Interconnected by migration
Gene flow between patches
Predator-Prey Interactions
One Predator, One Prey
Primary Producer Attacked
Plant
Primary Consumer Attacker
Herbivore
Functional Response
Feeding Rate
Handling Time
Prey-Dependent
Prey Density
Predator's Response
Lotka-Volterra Model
Zero Growth Isocline
Paradox of Enrichment
Overexploiting of prey
Maximum Sustained Yield
Fixed Effort Harvesting
Population Health
Amount Harvested
Multiple Prey
Optimal Foraging Theory
Three Factors
Encountered Probability
Decision to Attack
Successfully Eaten
Optimal Diet Model
4 Predictions
Competition
Exploitation Competition
Consuming Shared Resources
Interference Competition
Resource Restriction
Apparent Competition
Diversity
Diversity & Scale
Larger Areas
More Diverse
Many growth forms
Many Species
Soil Variation
Smaller Areas
Less Diverse
Many growth forms
Few Species
Species-Area Relationship
S = cAz
S = # of Species
A = Area
c & z are constants
Species Abundance Distribution
Diversity & Latitude
Northern Areas
Canada, Siberia, Alaska
Fewer Species
Lower Diversity
Severe Conditions
Equatorial Areas
Amazon Rain Forests
Central Africa & Southeast Asia
Many Species
Benign Environment
