Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
CHAPTER 19 Methods of Mass Production and Destruction (World War I, 1914…
CHAPTER 19
Methods of Mass Production and Destruction
Key Topics:
Scientic and Technological developments
Gender Relations
Urbanization & Migration
World War I
The Russian Revolution
Key Terms and People:
Key People:
Marie Curie-
Polish physicist and chemist. Pioneer in the field of radioactivity, and is the first and only person awarded the Nobel Prize in two different sciences
Albert Einstein-
A German Jew, Stated that matter and energy are interchangeable and that even a particle of matter contains enormous amounts of potential energy. He also stated that the speed of light is the only thing constant from all frames of reference.
Sigmund Freud-
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
Cixi-
Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces
Sun Yat-sen-
Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.
Porforio Diaz-
Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.
Francisco “Pacho” Villa-
A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.
Emiliano Zapata-
Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.
Franz Ferdinand-
Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I
Vladimir Lenin-
Leader of the Bolsheviks, revolutionary and enemy of czarist Russia, dedicated to violent revolution
Ataturk-
"Father of the Turks" who helped to create the Republic of Turkey and wanted to modernize [westernize] Turkey as well as separate religion and government
Mohandas Gandhi-
Leader of the Indian independence and advocate of nonviolent resistance he appeals to the poor and he lead nonviolent demonstrations against the British
Nicholas II-
Last tsar of Russia, he went to the front lines in WWI to try to rally the troops but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin
Joseph Stalin-
Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition.
Franklin D. Roosevelt-
32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII
Key Terms:
Darbar-
A showy convocation of notables, in the early 20th century in Delhi, paying obeisance to , and receiving gifts form, the most powerful political leaders; a means of demonstrating and ratifying the relative position of each.
Guomindang-
Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.
Creole-
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Mestizo-
A new racial concept that develops in Latin America following the intermixing that occurred between European colonists and the Native American population
Young Turks-
Society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and to reform the empire
Bolshevik-
A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917
Lusitania-
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Zimmerman Telegram-
German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public.
14 Points-
President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.
Treaty of Versaille-
Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.
League of Nations-
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.
Collectivization-
Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.
Technological Systems, 1914-37:
Technology is both inventions and the systems that make the inventions
Technological enterprises drastically changed life in the twentieth century.
Scientific and Technological Creativity:
Medicine field developed the study of bacteria and discovered radioactivity
The improvement of basic sanitation and cleanliness were the largest improvements in the field
Chemical industries helped to create incandescent lights and ammonia
The largest producing countries in the era were the US, UK, Germany, France, Austria Hungary, and Russia
Telegraph and telephone communication connected people faster than ever before
Large research and development facilities were being produced for experimental research
Ships were becoming old and airplanes were relatively new
Physics was changed by Albert Einsteins's theory of special relativity which helped create the atomic bomb
The first auto mobiles were made in Germany and Henry Ford made the Model T cars shortly after
Electricity also made homes safer to heat
Einstein helped to change the way we look at the world
Labor saving electronic devices were invented like the washing machine and motion pictures were developed
Gender Relations:
Teenage women were also exploring their sexuality with help of films before large censoring
There is an ongoing debate on if sex traits are cultural or biological
New appliances helped women around the house and women colleges were opening up
Urbanization & Migration:
Urbanization drawled people out of farming as it was linked to industry and growth
The Downside of Progress:
Militarized Competition among the Great Powers
Sigmund Freud developed the concept of the id/ego/superego
New industries were used for both common and military use
People expected the balance of power wold be at play in WWI
Some wondered of the progress was hurting them
Outside Europe:
The Ottoman Empire was surpassed in power by other European nations due to their lack of industrialization and keeping up with the times
India
The Darbar had the British King come and state that India was under the UK's control
The Indians fought for Independence form the UK but it took a decade to do so
Europe destroyed most of India's industries and led to unequal technological process
China
October 1911 brought around the beginning of the Chinese Revolution with Yuan Shikai as the leader
The revolution led to warlords controlling territory and chaos
China's attempts to self-strengthen were too late leading them unable to catch up in the globe
Sun Yat-sen became a mentor to the revolutionaries
Though originally exiled, he came back to China to become its first President
The Three People's principles had aspects of naturalism, democracy, and technological development
China could not implement Sun's plans but he did inspire the next two leaders
Latin America
Most governments still operated on a dictatorial-esque one as there were no democratic systems in the region
Not everyone was happy under the new systems
With investments from the US & UK, the region was able to Industrialize
Progressive states tried to improve but they didn't restructure the land owning
The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
Diaz was exiled and the new president was removed by a coup then assassinated
The civil war went on and put more regulations on the clergy
The revolutions from his time in office became more radical
When the nation was finally in order, one million people had already died
The nations tried democracy but Diaz was elected as President
Mexicans rose up against Porfirio Diaz the nation's dictator
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire began losing territory and was unable to pay back debts
The Young Turks took control of the government under the Sultan
The Ottoman Empire was nearly economical autonomous
Serbs wanted Albania to stay under their control but Austria wanted it independent
High levels of nationalism made people willing to die for their nation
The Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1914
The world politics seemed either great or very dangerous
World War I, 1914-1918:
British and French forces took African colonies away from Germany
Germany torpedoed the Lusitania which angered America due to the 118 American Passengers
The British fought against the Ottoman empire which sued for peace in 1918 after losses and revolts
The Zimmerman telegram made the United States furious at Germany for them possibly wanting Mexico to join them & take out the US
Russian troops mutinied and later became involved in the Russian Revolution which led the nation to withdraw
The US joined the war in April 1917 and helped due to the exhausted European armies
Though Russians were severely outmatched by the Germans, they continued to fight
The US provided new supplies & troops which secured the Allies victory
There was large losses on both sides due to the new technology and war tactics
Millions of people lost their lives in the War
Europe never dealt with a conflict on that scale before
A-H Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated on June 28, 1914
Post-war Expectations & Results
Jews were excited as the liberation would lead to access to the Holy Land
India helped UK pay off debts and was promised help to build a government
Britain and France wanted to liberate territories controlled by the Turks
Many minorities were looking forward to creating their own independent states
Wilson wanted the world to be safe for democracy after the war
Women in many nations gained suffrage post-war
The end of the War led to a sign for major changes within the World
The Paris Peace Settlements, 1919
The Peace conference didn't invite the losing nations & Russia and they all had different goals
Part of the Conference was to redraw territories which led to the end of the Ottomans and A-H
The division of new lands for minorities led to safe guards for those nations
Germany signed the Treaty but was humiliated
The League of Nations
The League didn't deal with issues like National identities & anti-colonialism
The antagonistic relationships between rulers and colonies increased after the war
The League of Nations was created in 1920 but the founding country withdrew
Turkey was supposed to be separated but ultimately maintained its land
The Chinese were not pleased with the treaties and their results
Britain did not fully take care of their promise to India
Gandhi helped reorganize India's Congress
European nations continued to rule over African colonies
The League's creation suggested the end of colonialism
The League had no armed forces and made it impossible to back up the feelings
The Russian Revolution:
The rise of communism established the going for the Russian Revolution
The Build-up to the Revolution, 1914-17
Though there was industrialization, Russia lagged behind Europe
Russia's agriculture was unproductive and primitive
Czar Nicholas II furthered heavy industrialization
Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
The revolution on November 7th allowed the communists to seize power
The revolutionaries (reds) and the non revolutionaries (whites) led to mass terror within the nation and beyond
The loss of over two million men in WWI finally united the nation
Lenin implemented the New Economic Policy to help peasants and the economy
State Plannign in Soviet Russia
Lenin sought to improve Russia with an Industrial transformation.
Lenin's death led to Stalin in charge
Stalin instituted a anti-capital government to help improve the nation
Stalin used his power to labor out of agriculture and into industry
Many people were compelled to go to collective farms instead of keeping their own
Many farmers were killed or imprisoned
Industry flourished in Russia while the peasants definitely did not
Industrialization doubled in Russia and urban areas increased
During the Depression, many people looked to Russia for inspiration
Women in the Soviet Union
Many women worked in care-giving industries but some worked in engineering and law
Women still had to work while maintaining the same level of caring for the home
The Soviet change led to minimal amounts of change for women
Many leaders looked to Russia for inspiration to get ahead
Post-War America:
All American women gained suffrage in 1920
The post-war image was filled with speakeasies and flappers
Electricity became very popular and overtook steampower
America had very little relations with other nations and denied joining the League of Nations
The success came from a shortened work week, paid vacation, and an increased life span
Many strikes affected work in the US over working conditions
America became the world's technological and financial leader
The Depression
Mass unemployment swept Britain, America, and Germany and left Argentina devistated
Russia surprisingly survived the depression as they were apart from the world economy
Germany depended on loans from America but faced trouble when the stock market collapsed
The UK's unemployed were helped by welfare while the government remained stable
The depression sent many countries politics and economies down the drain
FDR was elected in 1932 and established the Civilian Conservation Corps which helped create jobs
Roosevelt promoted unions and helped to abolish child labor
The German depression hit hard as the nation drastically inflated prices of goods to get by and recover
Methods of Production and Destruction: What Difference do they Make?
They brought around science and technology and the ruse of nationalism