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7th Grade Science (Weather (Severe Weather (Is really bad weather that can…

- - - - Heart: Pumps blood through the body
      - Lungs: Inhales air and exhales carbon dioxide
      - Brain: The control center of the body that controls the whole body.
      - Bones: Hard things that support your body and help with movement as well as create blood cells
      - Stomach: The stomach is an organ which the food is broken down after coming down the esophagus through the valve called the esophageal sphincter. Inside the stomach the food is digested by acid and enzymes which are secreted by the stomach. The stomach is lined with with ridges of muscle tissue that are called rugae. The muscles of the stomach periodically contract, causing the food to churn which enhances digestion.
      - Liver: The liver is an large organ that sits on the right side of the stomach. The liver weighs 3lbs and is an dark reddish color and feels rubbery to the touch. Most of the time you can't feel the liver because it is protected by the rib cage. The liver has 2 main sections called the right and left lobes. The gallbladder sits under the liver, along with parts of the pancreas and intestines. Along with the liver these organs work together to digest, absorb, and process foods. The main function of the liver is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract before passing to the rest of the body.
      - Small intestine: The small intestines job is to break down food and absorb the nutrients.
      - Large intestine: The large intestine is an organ that takes the water from the “food” coming from your small intestine and returns the water back to the body.
- - - - The layer of rare air that is above the mesosphere is the thermosphere. In the thermosphere, high-energy X-waves and UV radiation from the sun are absorbed in the thermosphere, and that raises the temperature of the thermosphere to 100 or 1000 of degrees. However, if there was a human in the thermosphere the air is so thin there it would feel freezing cold. In many ways, the thermosphere is more like outer space. There are lots of satellites that orbit earth within the thermosphere. How high and where the top of the thermosphere varies on the amount of radiation the sun is emitting. The top of the thermosphere can be found in between 500 and 1000 km above the ground. As you go up in the thermosphere temperatures rise. Temperatures in the top of the thermosphere can range from about 500°C and 2000°C. Also, the aurora borealis or northern lights occur in the thermosphere. The thermosphere is comprised of about 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen.
        
        The layer above the stratosphere is called the Mesosphere. It extends to about 85 km above our planet. Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere. Like the troposphere and unlike the stratosphere in the mesosphere temperatures get colder as you rise up. The coldest place in earth's atmosphere around -90° C is the top of the mesosphere. The air in the mesosphere is to thin to breathe. The air pressure at the bottom is less than 1% of the pressure at sea level. Then as you go up in the mesosphere the air pressure goes down
        
        The troposphere is the bottom layer of earth's atmosphere. This layer makes up 75%-80% of the atmosphere's mass because it is the densest layer. The troposphere extends up to 10 km into the atmosphere above sea level though it varies with latitude. It is the lowest over the poles and highest over the equator.eases and the more it decreases the colder it gets. The troposphere is the only atmospheric layer that weather takes place it also is the only layer that has water vapor. The troposphere is composed of nitrogen 78% and oxygen 21% with other trace gasses. The layer above the troposphere is called the stratosphere and the boundary between them is called the tropopause
        
        The stratosphere is the second layer of earth's atmosphere. The stratosphere starts at around 10 km above the ground in middle latitudes. The top of the stratosphere is at about 50 km. Ozone is an unusual type of oxygen molecule that has 3 oxygen molecules attached together it is common in the stratosphere, this heats the stratosphere as ozone absorbs energy from ultraviolet solar radiation from the sun.In the stratosphere, there is an ozone layer. This is where the majority of earth's ozone exists. Sadly because of ozone-depleting aerosols, the ozone layer is getting thinner and thinner and there are holes in it over some places. This is not good because it lets dangerous ultraviolet solar radiation through to the earth. Temperatures rise as you go up in the stratosphere. This is the opposite of the troposphere. Because of temperature stratification, there is little convection and mixing in the stratosphere so the layers of air are quite stable. That is why planes typically fly in the lower stratosphere to avoid the turbulence of the troposphere. The jet stream flows between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
- - - - Made of
        
        Mitochondria: The part of the cell that produces energy.
        
        Nucleus: Contains DNA of the cells and controls the functions of the cells.
        
        Vacuole: A organelle filled with water to help the cell.
        
        Lysosome: A organelle containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.
        
        Cytoplasm: The jelly like fluid inside a cell made up of mostly water and salt.
        
        Golgi complex: Gathers simple molecules and combines them to make complex molecules
    - - Plant cells are a type of cell. They are like animal cells but they are set up differently and have some different parts.
      - Made Of
        
        Amyloplasts: Convert starch into sugar when the plant needs energy.
        
        Cell membrane: The flexible structure found on the outside of both plant and animal cells that controls what comes and goes from the cell.
        
        Cell wall: A part of plant cells that supports and protects the cell.
        
        Centrosome: Where microtubules are made.
        
        Nucleus: Contains DNA of the cells and controls the functions of the cells.
        
        Chloroplast: Convert sunlight into glucose (sugar) via photosynthesis.
        
        Mitochondria: The part of the cell that produces energy.
        
        Golgi apparatus: The part of the cell that is involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
        
        Ribosomes: The part of the cell that assembles proteins
        
        Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that encloses the nucleus.
        
        Golgi vesicles: The organelle that creates lysosomes.
        
        Raphide crystals: The part of the cell that is a needle-shaped crystals made calcium oxalate as the monohydrate or calcium carbonate as aragonite.
        
        Druse crystals: Are defense against herbivory due to their toxicity. Calcium oxalate.
        
        Smooth ER: Involved with the movement of materials.
        
        Rough ER: Has ribosomes attached to the surface.
        
        Nucleolus: The small dense thing in the middle of the nucleus during interphase.
        
        Vacuole: A organelle filled with water to help the cell.
        
        Cytoplasm: The jelly like fluid inside a cell made up of mostly water and salt.
        
        Vacuole membrane: The membrane that surrounds the vacuole
- - - - A person has 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of your cells. They are what code you to have certain features. Chromosomes are DNA packed into thread like structures. Half of you chromosomes are given to you by your mother and the other half your father. Your gender relies on your genes or chromosomes. If you're female that means you have 46 X chromosomes. If you're male you have 45 full chromosomes and a Y chromosome. In the DNA of the chromosomes are genes. Genes are a part of DNA that determines a certain trait. You actually have 2 genes per trait. But sometimes only one gene is shown. That is because some genes are stronger than others. Dominant genes are stronger than recessive genes and if someone is heterozygous the dominant gene is expressed. But if someone is homozygous recessive then the recessive gene is expressed because they don't have a dominant gene for that trait. Your parents each have 2 genes per trait as well but they only pass along one gene per trait.