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Unit 8-Revolutionary Music (Chapter 42 & 61:The Rise of Nationalism…
Unit 8-Revolutionary Music
Chapter 33
The Symphonic Revolution & Beethoven
Early-(1802) Symphony 1&2
In style of Mozart & Haydn
Middle- (1803-1814) Symphony 3-8
Originally dedicated to Napoleon
Personal narrative of individual heroism
Symphony 3-"Eroica"- Begins revolution of changing symphonic
3 periods to his music
Late-(1814-1827)
Symphony 9- adds choir with final "Ode to Joy"
Beethoven & Politics
Beethoven a supporter of democracy
"Ode to Joy" finale widely used for political aims
Many composers responded to political climate-they are artists
Intense, collective endeavor toward a common purpose
Listening Guide 23: Out of Conflict Comes Victory
Conflict in movement I to victory in movement 4
Movement I-Allergro con brio
Sonata-allergro form
Motive-short-short-LONG(Theme I)
Dominates whole piece
Fate knocking at the door
Movement 2-Andante con moto
Serene theme and variations
Still uses the motive
Triple meter
Movement 3-Allergro
Scherzo & Trio
Rocket theme in low strings
Fugue in double bass
Movement 4
Much energy & passion
Cyclical motive
Piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones
Development-brief recurrence of mvt 3
Extended coda
Four movements but a unified piece
Chapter 55: War is Hell-Expressionist Opera
Social Advocacy & Musical Innovation
1900s
Replacement of tonality-12 tone method
Artists shed light on social problems
2nd Viennese School
12-Tone Method
Schoenberg developed a system to replace tonality
Serialism-method of composing with 12 chromatic pitiches
Tone row
Alternate forms of tone row
Inversion
Retrograde
Transpostion
Retrograde inversion
Alban Berg(1885-1935)
Rose to fame with Wozzeck
Active teacher and promoter of Schoenberg school
Fought in WWI
Works banned Germany during WW2
Born in Vienna, studied with Schoenberg
Berg's Wozzeck
Originally a play by Buchner
Modern- 12 tone technique & Romantic-German romantic expressionism
Opera in 3 acts; 5 scenes; ochestral interludes
Sprechstimme: speak singing
1922
Leitmotifs
Chapter 69: Historical or Not
Contemporary Opera
Not a documentary
Deeper truths found in his stories based on fiction
History represented in opera
John Adams
Educated at Harvard
1972 moved to San Francisco
American Composer
Style
Mimimalist
Neo-Romantic-acessible & deeply expressive
Stage works often topical and controversial
Listening Guide 65:Adam's Doctor Atomic
Libretto
Focuses on the last days and hours before the first atomic test in 1945
Opera(3rd one)
Hugely complex subject, combining science and art & criticized at the time
2005
At The Sight of This
Bhagavad Gita
Vhorus
New Mexico 1945
Short/Choppy repetition of ideas
Lots of syncopation & accents
Very dissonant
Mysterious electronic sounds
Brass & timpani are featured
Chapter 42 & 61:The Rise of Nationalism
Musical Nationalism
Political conditions in 19th century Europe encouraged the growth of nationalism
Composers expressed nationalism in a variety of ways
Since the 19th century, sense of community tied to the concept of nationality
Political expression sometimes banned
Music builds community cohesion
Nationalism in Czech Republic-Dvorak
Antonin Dvorak
Brahms helped him become famous
Famous during lifetime
Used folk music of Moravia and Bohemia
Write symphonic, chamber, concerti, and operas
Nationalism in Scandinavia-Edvard Grieg(1843-1907)
Stipend from Norwegian government allowed him to focus on composition
Goal was to create art accessible to all the public
Born in Norway, attended Leipzig Conservatory
International figure, notable for lyricism and use of folk music and dances
Listening Guide 33: Peer Gynt, Suite No.1
Play by Henrik Ibsen based on moralistic Norwegian folk talke
Grieg composed twenty-two pieces as incidental music for the play
1876
Later extracted eight of them, created two four-movement for the play
Listening excerpts
Morning Mood-atmospheric depiction of sunrise
In the Hall of the Mountain King-grotesque ballet music as troll daughters chase Peer
Modernist Nationalism
Departed from conventions of 19th century music
Musicologists
Phonographs were taken villages to perverse songs as they were meant to be performed
Captured original music
Composers tried to retain that idea is new music
Bartok & Kodaly collected over 2,000 Eastern European songs & dances
Music characteristics meaningful in a certain culture may change meaning when added to another art form
Integration of traditional & folk music into experimental art music
20th Century Neo-Classicism
Revolt against traditions and return to 18th century music idealism of Bach, Handel, & Vivaldi
Revolt again romantic music & symphonic poem
Revival of older forms-fugue & suite
Key ideas:
Absolute music
Balance
Formality
Nationalism in England-Elgar & Vaughan Williams
Edward Elgar(1857-1934)
Self-taught composer
Gramophone recordings-important for symphony
Influences from all of Europe-not just england
Ralph Vaughan Williams(1872-1958)
Wrote operas, ballets, chamber music, symphonic music, vocal pieces
English folk songs
WWI-served
Nationalism in Spain-De Falla
Manuel de Falla(1876-1946)
From Cadiz
Studied piano & taught
Wrote operas, orchestral, choral, chamber, guitar works
Hngarian Nationalism-Bela Bartok(1881-1945)
Musicologist
Moved to New York City in 1940 due WWII
Born in Hungary
Used the features of Eastern European traditional music while adhering to classical form
Ancient modes
Unfamiliar scales
Non-symmetrical Rhythms
Listening Guide 54: Bartok's Concerto for Orchestra
Orchestral concerto
Rondo-like form
Commissioned in the summer of 1943
Two opening themes eventually return
Irregular meters
Soloists-oboe, clarinet, & flute