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Intelligence (personality) (History (Spearman (Back to the UK, Spearman…

- - - - Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
        – Task domains include: arithmetic; block design;
        comprehension; digit span; information; object assembly;
      - used standard deviatio to compare people of different ages for example 1 standard deviation = normal, 2 standard deviations = low or high
- - - - O'Toole & Stankov 1992 used IQ at induction to predict noncombat deaths by age 40
      - ealso assessed 56 other psych, beh , health and demographic variables
      - over 2000 veterans
      - each additional IQ point predicted a 1% decrease in risk of death
      - IQ best predictor of major cause of death - vehicular death
    - - IQ at age 11 had a significant association with survival to about age 76
      - Individuals who were 1 SD below average were 79% as likely to live to 76
      - Midspan studies traced some of these Ps and recorded hosptial visits and other demographics
        
        Midspan found that higher IQ in 1932 had strong correlations w higher social class and greater affluence at time of participation
        
        Controlling for social class and deprivation reduced this figure to 12%
        
        The risk of dying in the 25 yrs since participation in the Midspan studies imcr. 17% for each drop of 1 SD
        
        IQ did not influence whether Ps started smoking but did influence whether they quit or not thus influencing
    - - A robust relation between childhood IQ and late-life morbidity and mortality remains after analyses control statistically for deprived living conditions. Residual confounding is possible, which means that social factors measured to date might not reliably assess all relevant aspects of social disadvantage. However, health inequalities tend to increase when health resources become more available to everyone (Gottfredson, in press). That is, increased availability of health resources improves health overall, but the improvements are smaller for people who are poorly educated and have low incomes than for people with more education and better incomes. Compared with people in high-SES groups, people with low SES seek more but not necessarily appro priate care when cost is no barrier; adhere less often to treatment regimens; learn and understand less about how to protect their health; seek less preventive care, even when it is free; and less often practice the healthy behaviors so important for preventing or slowing the progression of chronic diseases, the major killers and disablers in developed nations today
      - Yet social class correlates with virtually every indicator of health, health behavior, and health knowledge. The link between SES and health transcends the particulars of material advantage, decade, nation, health system, social change, or disease, regardless of its treatability. Health scientists view the pervasiveness and finely graded nature of this relationship between SES and health as a paradox, leading them to speculate that SES creates health inequality via some yet-to-be identified, highly generalizable "fundamental cause" (Gottfredson, in press). The socioeconomic measures that best predict health in equality also correlate most with intelligence (education best, then occupation, then income). This means that instead of IQ being a proxy for SES in health matters, SES measures might be operating primarily as rough proxies for social-class differences in mental rather than material resources.
- - - - Stratum I: specific levels of intelligence
      - Stratum II: 8 broad factors eg crystalised intelligence, fluid intelligence
      - Stratum III: g
  - - - recent research in wealthy countries indicate negative Flynn effect
      - Dutton et al 2016
        
        The Industrial Revolution had two key and related effects on IQ. Firstly, it set off massivegains on IQ scores by establishing an environment which compelled us to think inmore scientificway, compelled us to becomemore educated, and saturated uswith knowledge, information, and novel problems.
        
        This process would have pushed certain latent intelligence abilities to their limit and, if this occurred at a sufficient pace, then the imperfect nature of the IQ test means that it would overwhelm whatever elsewas happening and show up as an IQ rise.
        
        However, IR set off a diff process as well. It led to the development of reliable contraception and low child mortality, meaning people only needed to have very few children and the more intelligent would be more able to achieve this. Accordingly, the previous positive correlation between intelligence and fertility became negative (Lynn, 2011).Moreover, this positive correlation was a so-called Jensen Effect: it was occurring on general intelligence and on the more heritable dimensions of intelligence. The Flynn Effect would disguise this on IQ tests but once the ceiling of the Flynn Effect was reached, we would see it slowing down and then going into reverse as a negative Flynn Effect.
        
        There would, perhaps, be two dimensions to this. One would be purely genetic and the other would be environmental: as the society becomes less intelligent the degree to which it innovates an increasingly cognitively stimulating environment would, set off the by the Industrial Revolution, slow down, meaning it would outpace the decline g to a lesser and lesser extent until it stopped outpacing it altogether, manifesting itself as a negative Flynn Effect.