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Biology Exam Revision (Cell Division (In the cell cycle, cells divide in a…
Biology Exam Revision
Cell Division
In the cell cycle, cells divide in a series of stages. The genetic material is doubled, then divided into two identical cells.
STAGE 1- Growth - Before a cell divided it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures
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STAGE 3- Mitosis - One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divided.Then the cytoplasm and the cell membranes divide to form 2 cells that are identical to the parent cell.
STEM CELLS- Are undifferentiated cells within a organism. They produce other stem cells that can then differentiate into many different types of cells
Specialized Cells
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CELL DIFFERENTIATION- Occurs as cells develop, the cell changes and becomes specialized. As the cell differentiates, it forms different sub-cellular structures.
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Microscopy
Electron microscopes have a higher magnification and higher resolution than light microscopes. This is how scientists can see sub-cellular structures (structures within the cells)
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Human embryo stem cells: can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells.
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Animal, Plant & Bacterial Cells
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Have a- Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Genetic material (DNA) in closed in a nucleus
Transport in Cells
Diffusion is the spreading of the particles of a gas or substances in solution,resulting in a net movement of particles from a region where they are of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Factors that affect rate of diffusion- The difference in concentration, Temperature, The surface area of the membrane
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ANIMAL CELLS- Nucleus, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes and Mitochondria
PLANT CELLS- Permanent vacuole, Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Ribosomes and Mitochondria
BACTERIAL CELLS- Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Plasmid DNA rings and Bacterial DNA loop